Disease relevance of mip

• Legionella pneumophila mip gene potentiates intracellular infection of protozoa and human macrophages [1].
• Since the 44-kDa antigen could be precipitated by an antiserum produced against a recombinant Escherichia coli harboring a plasmid with an L. pneumophila insert which also codes for the mip gene, we believe that the corresponding gene is within the vicinity of the mip gene [2].
• Detection of mip gene by PCR for diagnosis of Legionnaires' disease [3].
• Requirement of a mip-like gene for virulence in the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris [4].
• A 28 kDa major immunogen of Chlamydia psittaci shares identity with Mip proteins of Legionella spp. and Chlamydia trachomatis-cloning and characterization of the C. psittaci mip-like gene [5].

Psychiatry related information on mip

• Thus, mip-like genes are not found exclusively in bacteria having a predominately intracellular life style, but instead appear to be a new FKBP subfamily that is a common constituent of many bacteria [6].

High impact information on mip

• The human pathogen Legionella pneumophila, the etiological agent of the severe and often fatal Legionnaires' disease, produces a major virulence factor, termed 'macrophage infectivity potentiator protein' (Mip), that is necessary for optimal multiplication of the bacteria within human alveolar macrophages [7].
• Among the cloned genes, only for the gene product of the mip gene, encoding a 24-kDa surface-associated protein (macrophage infectivity potentiator) unequivocal evidence for its contribution to pathogenicity could be provided [8].
• The macrophage infectivity potentiator protein from Trypanosoma cruzi (TcMIP) is a major virulence factor secreted by the etiological agent of Chagas' disease [9].
• Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence with the NBRF data base revealed significant homology between the 27 kDa chlamydial membrane protein and the product of the macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene of Legionella pneumophila [10].
• In the mip mutant there was a 40 to 70% reduction in secreted activity that was successfully complemented by providing mip on a plasmid [11].

Biological context of mip

• DNA sequence of mip, a Legionella pneumophila gene associated with macrophage infectivity [12].
• This conclusion was supported by the phenotype of a newly constructed mip plcA double mutant [11].
• Allelic exchange mutagenesis was used to generate an isogenic mip mutant in ATCC 33462 and strain A5H5 [13].
• All but one of the 16S rRNA gene PCR-positive water samples were also positive in the mip gene PCR, and the results of the two PCR assays were correlated [14].
• Viable cells were also specifically detected with mip mRNA as the target, reverse transcription (to form cDNA), and PCR amplification [15].

Anatomical context of mip

• To investigate this, a site-specific mutation was introduced into a gene (mip) that encodes a 24,000-Da surface protein; an 80-fold loss of infectivity for both U937 cells and explanted human alveolar macrophages was observed [16].
• Regulation of the Legionella mip-promotor during infection of human monocytes [17].
• The products of two L. pneumophila genes, dotA and mip, are part of the mechanism mediating the initial invasion of eukaryotic cells, and subsequent intracellular survival and multiplication [18].
• It can be assumed that the accumulation of Mip protein in the multilamellar host membranes increases the infection potential [19].
• The macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) protein is an important factor in the optimal intracellular survival of Legionella pneumophila in protozoa and human cell lines [19].

Other interactions of mip

• Two subspecies of L. pneumophila (L. pneumophila subsp. pneumophila and subsp. fraseri) were clearly distinguished by rpoB but not by 16S rRNA gene and mip analysis [20].
• Sequence analysis of PCR products produced using genomic DNA from an ovine abortion strain of C. psittaci and from C. trachomatis strain LGV-434 demonstrated that the arrangement of mip, spoU and trxA is common among these chlamydiae [5].
• A phylogenetic analysis revealed that dnaJ gene sequences were more variable between the L. pneumophila serogroups than mip gene and 16S rDNA sequences [21].
• Among the Legionella type II-dependent exoenzymes is a p-nitrophenol phosphorylcholine (p-NPPC) hydrolase whose activity is only partially explained by the PlcA phospholipase C. In a screen to identify other factors that promote secreted hydrolase activity, we isolated a mip mutant [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of mip

• Sequence analysis of the mip gene of the soilborne pathogen Legionella longbeachae [13].
• The ATCC mip mutant was unable to infect a strain of Acanthamoebae sp. both in liquid and in a potting mix coculture system, while the A5H5 mip mutant behaved in a manner siilar to that of L. pneumophila serogroup 1, i.e., it displayed a reduced capacity to infect and multiply within Acanthamoebae [13].
• To determine if this mutation resulted in reduced virulence in the guinea pig animal model, the A5H5 mip mutant and its parent strain were assessed for their abilities to establish an infection after aerosol exposure [13].
• For identification of non-L. pneumophila spp. by direct amplicon sequencing, two conventional PCR assays targeting the mip gene were established [22].
• The distribution of mip-related sequences within the Legionellaceae was studied by DNA amplification using mip-specific primers followed by Southern blot hybridization with an internal probe [23].

References