Disease relevance of betaTub56D

• The transient expression of the retinoblastoma protein (Rb) regulates the transcription of a variety of growth-control genes, including c-fos, c-myc, and the gene for transforming growth factor beta 1 via discrete promoter sequences termed retinoblastoma control elements (RCE) [1].

Psychiatry related information on betaTub56D

• The polarity of kinesin's motor activity can be reversed by MT disassembly and interactions between a motor and a MT end can either slow or speed the rate of tubulin depolymerization [2].

High impact information on betaTub56D

• The expression of beta 3-tubulin is accompanied by a coordinate transient increase in the level of synthesis of the embryonic alpha-tubulins, thereby maintaining an approximately equimolar synthesis of alpha- and beta-tubulin subunits throughout embryogenesis [3].
• Both the polymerization and depolymerization of tubulin have been shown to do work in vitro, but the biochemical complexity of objects moved, such as chromosomes, has complicated the identification of proteins that couple MT dynamics with motility [2].
• In addition, the ability of ectopic Vein to induce the expression of Delilah and beta1 tubulin depends on the presence of functional Egfrs [4].
• In loss-of-function vein mutant embryos, muscle-dependent differentiation of tendon cells, measured by the level of expression of specific markers (Delilah and beta1 tubulin) is blocked [4].
• Despite high levels of expression of these exogenous MAPs and the bundling of microtubules in cells expressing tau, transfected cells had normal levels of assembled and unassembled tubulin [5].

Biological context of betaTub56D

• Regulation of tubulin gene expression during embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster [3].
• These results suggest that it is not the absolute level of wrl gene product but its level relative to tubulin or microtubule function that is important for normal spermatogenesis [6].
• We have determined the complete nucleotide sequences coding for the beta 1 and beta 2 tubulins of Drosophila melanogaster and the beta 2 tubulin of D. hydei, and found these insect beta tubulins to be highly conserved and like beta tubulins of other organisms [7].
• The YP2 gene is located between the actin and the tubulin gene on chromosome VI and is expressed in growing cells [8].
• The auxiliary beta subunits do not form the ion conducting pore, yet play important roles in channel modulation and plasma membrane expression. beta1 and beta2 are transmembrane proteins with one extracellular V-set immunoglobulin (Ig) protein domain [9].

Anatomical context of betaTub56D

• In Drosophila, these organelles contain distinct but similar beta-tubulin isoforms [4-10]: basal bodies contain only beta1-tubulin, and only beta2-tubulin is used for assembly of sperm axonemes [10].
• The beta 1 tubulin gene of Drosophila is constitutively expressed, whereas the beta 2 tubulin is expressed specifically in the testes [7].
• The data presented clearly show that the transcription of the beta 1 tubulin gene in the muscle attachment sites is activated by myotube insertion by a yet unidentified pathway [11].
• Involvement of extracellular matrix proteins of the integrin family could be excluded since beta 1 mRNA is detectable in the apodemes in mutants for the common subunit PS beta until muscles detach late in embryogenesis [11].
• Here we focus on the expression of the beta 3 tubulin isotype during mesoderm differentiation and beta 1 tubulin expression in the apodemes during embryonic development [12].

Associations of betaTub56D with chemical compounds

• The antiserum is specific for beta 1 subunits and does not recognize other integrin beta subunits in humans [13].

Regulatory relationships of betaTub56D

• Interestingly, loss of Slowpoke currents strongly influenced tubulin regulation, enhancing the number of microtubule loop structures per growth cone [14].

Other interactions of betaTub56D

• Mammalian PLC-beta1 and -beta2 isoforms interact with a PDZ-containing protein NHERF which is coupled to Trp4, a Ca(2+) channel [15].
• Double staining for beta 1 tubulin gene expression in apodemes and for beta 3 tubulin gene expression in muscles allowed us to correlate apodeme and muscle formation [16].
• While the beta 1 tubulin gene is constitutively expressed during development, beta 3 mRNA is restricted to two distinct phases: mid embryogenesis and metamorphosis [17].
• The present report describes the enlarged-scale chemical synthesis of drosocin, glycosylated with Gal (beta 1 --> 3)GalNAc(alpha 1 --> O) [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of betaTub56D

• In order to test the application of this hypothesis to mammals, we have examined the expression of beta tubulin isotypes in four different ciliated tissues (trachea, ependyma, uterine tube, and testis) using isotype-specific antibodies and indirect immunofluorescence [19].
• More detailed expression analyses of fringe genes and immunohistochemistry for neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin suggest a mode of neurogenesis which might underlie the histogenesis of the cerebral cortex [20].
• Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses detect NELF at the promoters of the hsp70 and beta1-tubulin genes where promoter proximal pausing has been previously detected [21].

References