Disease relevance of ftz-f1

• Interactions between TcTex-1 and a diverse set of proteins such as the dynein intermediate chain, Fyn, DOC2, FIP1, the poliovirus receptor, CD155, and the rhodopsin cytoplasmic tail have been reported; yet, despite the broad range of targets, a consensus binding sequence remains uncertain [1].

High impact information on ftz-f1

• In addition, we show that DHR4 plays a central role in the genetic cascades triggered by the steroid hormone ecdysone at the onset of metamorphosis, acting as both a repressor of the early ecdysone-induced regulatory genes and an inducer of the betaFTZ-F1 midprepupal competence factor [2].
• These findings indicate that beta FTZ-F1 plays a central role in the prepupal genetic response to ecdysone and provide a molecular mechanism for stage-specific responses to steroid hormones [3].
• The nuclear hormone receptor Ftz-F1 is a cofactor for the Drosophila homeodomain protein Ftz [4].
• Here we show that the orphan nuclear receptor alphaFtz-F1 (ref. 3), which is deposited in the egg during oogenesis, is an obligatory cofactor for Ftz [5].
• The predicted amino acid sequence of FTZ-F1 revealed that the protein is a member of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily [6].

Biological context of ftz-f1

• Failure of salivary gland histolysis, one of the phenotypes of the ftz-f1 mutant, is rescued by forced expression of the ftz-f1 downstream gene BR-C during the late prepupal period [7].
• Three of the enhancers proved to be alleles of the known ftz protein cofactor gene ftz-f1, demonstrating the efficacy of the screen [8].
• On the other hand, premature expression of betaFTZ-F1 in wild-type larvae at mid-first instar or mid-second instar stages causes defects in the molting process [7].
• Temporally restricted expression of transcription factor betaFTZ-F1: significance for embryogenesis, molting and metamorphosis in Drosophila melanogaster [7].
• The effects of ectopic expression of four FTZ proteins, FTZ(1-413) (full length wild-type FTZ), FTZ(delta257-316) (a complete deletion of the HD), FTZ(delta101-150) (a deletion that includes the major FTZ-F1 binding site) and FTZ(delta151-209) were determined [9].

Anatomical context of ftz-f1

• LacZ expression levels were dramatically reduced in the head and thorax regions but not affected in the abdominal region, suggesting that betaFTZ-F1 is required for high-level Edg78E expression specifically in the head and thorax regions [10].
• Although the cDNA clone was isolated from the eyestalk library, the shrimp FTZ-F1 appeared to express most abundantly in the mature oocytes [11].
• Interestingly, shrimp FTZ-F1 can also be found in testis of the male shrimp [11].
• FTZ-F1alpha is expressed in the developing gonad of frogs [12].
• FTZ-F1 is a member of the orphan nuclear receptors, which belongs to the steroid hormone receptor superfamily, and plays a role in the blastoderm and nervous system development in Drosophila [13].

Associations of ftz-f1 with chemical compounds

• The ligand binding domain of betaFTZ-F1 is sufficient for this interaction, which can occur in an AF-2-independent manner [14].
• FTZ-F1, a steroid hormone receptor-like protein implicated in the activation of fushi tarazu [6].
• We also showed that the DNA-binding region of FTZ-F1 recognizes and binds to DNA as a monomer [15].
• The betaFtz-F1 orphan nuclear receptor acts as a competence factor for the steroid hormone 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis and mosquito reproduction [16].
• Fushi tarazu factor 1 (FTZ-F1) subfamily members are ancient orphan receptors with homologues from Drosophila to human that regulate diverse gene expression programs important for developmental processes, reproduction and cholesterol homeostasis in an apparently ligand-independent manner [17].

Physical interactions of ftz-f1

• Three DHR3 binding sites were identified downstream from the start site of betaFTZ-F1 transcription, further indicating that this gene is a direct target of DHR3 regulation [18].

Regulatory relationships of ftz-f1

• Also, there is suggestive evidence that both MHR4 and betaFTZ-F1 may regulate the expression of dopa decarboxylase as the ecdysteroid titer declines [19].

Other interactions of ftz-f1

• These data suggest that FTZ-F1 alpha and FTZ-F1 beta likely coregulate common target genes by competition for binding to a 9-bp recognition element [20].
• We demonstrate that recombinant FTZ-F1 alpha and FTZ-F1 beta proteins produce similar in vitro DNase I footprint patterns on a 14-nucleotide region of the zebra element and bind to this site with similar affinities and sequence specificities [20].
• Together, these observations indicate that betaFTZ-F1 regulates the timing of hormone-induced cell responses, while E93 functions to specify programmed cell death [21].
• At the onset of metamorphosis, both the cuticle gene Edg78E and the transcription factor betaFTZ-F1 are expressed during the mid- to late prepupal period after a large ecdysteroid pulse [10].
• DHR3 thus appears to function as a switch that defines the larval-prepupal transition by arresting the early regulatory response to ecdysone at puparium formation and facilitating the induction of the betaFTZ-F1 competence factor in mid-prepupae [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of ftz-f1

• The identity of the FTZ-F1 complementary DNA clone was confirmed by immunological cross-reaction with antibodies to FTZ-F1 and by sequence analysis of peptides from purified FTZ-F1 protein [6].
• Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR analysis showed that the shrimp FTZ-F1 transcripts could be detected in the ovary, newly hatched nauplius, testis, eyestalk and epidermis of the adult shrimp [11].
• Northern blot analysis using total RNA indicated that the FTZ-F1 mRNA could also be detected in the mature ovary [11].
• By in situ hybridization analysis, the FTZ-F1alpha mRNA was also found in immature frog oocytes [22].

References