Disease relevance of EMD

• Because EMD 60263 decreased heart rate from 106 +/- 4 to 76 +/- 3 beats per minute (P < .05) in the animals with stunned myocardium, we performed five experiments with the specific negative chronotropic compound zatebradine (UL-FS 49, 0.1 to 0.5 mg/kg) to rule out bradycardia as a factor contributing to the effects of EMD 60263 [1].
• After stunning (two times 10-min ischemia followed by 30-min reperfusion), measurements were repeated following infusion of saline (n=8) or EMD 60263 (1.5 mg.kg(-1) i.v., n=10) [2].
• In conclusion, both doses of EMD 60263 improved systolic as well as diastolic function of stunned myocardium [3].

High impact information on EMD

• After the highest dose of EMD 60263, SLS in the distribution area of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LADCA) increased from 13 +/- 1% at baseline to 17 +/- 1% (P < .05) [1].
• An adrenergic mode of action of EMD 60263 was excluded by blocking the alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors with phentolamine and propranolol, respectively, 15 minutes before administration of EMD 60263 (ie, 15 minutes into the second reperfusion period) in five additional experiments [1].
• This is in contrast to their relative potencies to inhibit isolated myocardial phosphodiesterase III: EMD 54650 greater than EMD 53998 greater than EMD 54622 [4].
• Force- and ATPase-pCa relations in skinned fibers show differing potencies of these agents on myofilament sensitization: EMD 54622 greater than EMD 53998 much greater than EMD 54650 [4].
• We have investigated the effects and the mechanism of action of novel diazinone derivatives, EMD 54622, EMD 53998, and EMD 54650 (developed by E. Merck, Darmstadt), on guinea pig myocardial preparations [4].

Biological context of EMD

• Effect of bimakalim (EMD 52692), an opener of ATP sensitive potassium channels, on infarct size, coronary blood flow, regional wall function, and oxygen consumption in swine [5].
• 2. Consecutive intravenous 10 min infusions of EMD 52692 (0.15, 0.30, 0.60, 1.20 micrograms kg-1 min-1; n = 7) dose-dependently decreased mean arterial blood pressure by up to 50% [6].
• 3. Although cardiac output did not change, EMD 52692 caused a redistribution of blood flow from the arteriovenous anastomoses to the capillary channels [6].
• Our results suggest that EMD possesses an osteo-promotive effect on bone and medullary regeneration during wound healing of injured long bones [7].
• Guinea pig ventricular PDE III is selectively inhibited by EMD 53 998 (IC50 = 60 nM) without major effects on other PDE isoenzymes [8].

Anatomical context of EMD

• EMD 54622 enhanced and EMD 54650 had no effect on myofilament responsiveness to Ca2+ [4].
• In enzymatically dissociated left ventricular myocytes loaded with the Ca2+ probe indo-1, the positive inotropic effect of EMD 54622 occurred with no change in the amplitude of the cytosolic [Ca2+] (Cai) transient [4].
• EMD 60264 did not affect systolic shortening but decreased mean rate of half end-diastolic lengthening in normal myocardium to 61+/-8% and in stunned myocardium to 16+/-5% of baseline [3].
• This finding was consistent with the observed leftward shifts of the pCa2+/Mg(2+)-ATPase curves of isolated myofibrils induced by [+]EMD 60263 [9].
• EMD 53 998 increases force development of guinea pig papillary muscle in a concentration-dependent manner with an EC50 of 3.6 microM, thus being 10 times more potent than pimobendan [8].

Associations of EMD with chemical compounds

• In contrast, both EMD 53998 and EMD 54650 enhanced Cai transient and twitch contraction amplitudes [4].
• Chronically instrumented swine with (MI swine; n = 25) or without (normal swine; n = 19) MI were studied at rest and during treadmill exercise (up to 4 km h(-1)), in the absence and presence of the ET(A) antagonist EMD 122946 or the mixed ET(A)/ET(B) antagonist tezosentan [10].
• To increase the efficacy of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in vascular surgery an experimental study including topical application of the gentamicin derivative EMD 46/217 and fibrin sealant as antibiotic carrier to Dacron prostheses was initiated [11].
• Our purpose was to test if pinacidil and bimakalim (EMD 52692 or SR 44866), which are ATP-sensitive K+ (K+ATP) channel openers, can attenuate bupivacaine-induced atrioventricular (AV) block [12].
• Bone volume fraction of newly-formed bone trabeculae on Day 7 postoperatively was significantly higher in the EMD-applied group than in the PGA-applied controls [7].

Other interactions of EMD

• Boar transition protein 1 and 3 were extracted with acid from the late spermatid nuclei, separated from the TP-degrading proteases by ion-exchange chromatography on Fractogel EMD SO3- 650 (M), and further purified by HPLCs on Diol-120 and on Hitachi #3057, respectively [13].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of EMD

• TP2Z was purified by ion-exchange chromatography on Fractogel EMD SO(-)(3) and HPLC on Nucleosil 300 7C18 and on Diol-120 [14].
• We examined the biological effects of porcine enamel matrix derivative (EMD; Emdogain) on the formation of reparative dentine and dentine bridges in rat molars after pulp amputation [15].

References