Disease relevance of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• Aluminum hydroxide is less effective than calcium carbonate as a phosphate-binding agent for the control of hyperphosphatemia and is associated with aluminum retention in children and young adults with chronic renal failure who are receiving dialysis therapy [1].
• In all the children with azotemia who were treated with aluminum hydroxide, there was a positive correlation (r = 0.90; P less than 0.01) between the serum aluminum level and the daily dose of elemental aluminum [2].
• Plasma aluminum levels and the increment in plasma aluminum after infusion of deferoxamine increased from base-line values in the patients treated with aluminum hydroxide, and aluminum-related bone disease developed in one patient [1].
• Seventeen children and young adults (mean [+/- SD] age, 14.1 +/- 3.7 years) undergoing regular peritoneal dialysis were randomly assigned to treatment with either aluminum hydroxide (n = 7; maximal dose, 30 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) or calcium carbonate (n = 10; dose range, 2.5 to 12 g per day, according to serum phosphorus levels) [1].
• A 12 amino-acid synthetic peptide (NANP)3 comprising the immunodominant epitope of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein was conjugated to tetanus toxoid (TT), adjuvanted with aluminium hydroxide, and administered intramuscularly in three doses at monthly intervals to 35 healthy males as a malaria vaccine [3].

High impact information on Aluminum hydroxide gel

• The skeletal lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism improved in 7 of 10 patients receiving calcium carbonate but persisted or progressed in 6 of 7 patients given aluminum hydroxide (P less than 0.025) [1].
• Severe proximal myopathy associated with hypophosphatemia developed in three patients with chronic renal failure who had been treated with aluminum hydroxide gel [4].
• After immunizing mice with each of the proteins adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant, we measured serum IgG responses as a physiological measure of the antigen's ability to be presented on major histocompatibility complex class II molecules and to prime CD4+ T cells in vivo [5].
• Importantly, PGA efficiently sheltered S. epidermidis from key components of innate host defense, namely antimicrobial peptides and neutrophil phagocytosis, and was indispensable for persistence during device-related infection [6].
• No plasmacytomas were found in 200 BALB/c pi mice inoculated with corn oil, aluminum hydroxide, or very small doses of pristane (i.e., 0.05 ml) [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• The effects on fasting serum gastrin concentrations of hourly doses of magnesium and aluminum hydroxide antacid, with and without intravenous cimetidine, were determined in 8 patients with duodenal ulcer disease [8].
• These results confirm the presence of diminished zinc absorption in patients with renal failure and show that ferrous sulfate and aluminum hydroxide, which worsen this defect, also impair zinc absorption in normal subjects [9].
• In two patients with chronic renal failure, extensive renal osteodystrophy, and vascular calcifications, treatment with high doses of vitamin D3 and aluminum hydroxide was followed by healing of the osteodystrophy and marked resolution of the vascular calcifications [10].
• Sucralfate, an aluminum hydroxide complex of sulfated sucrose used in the treatment of gastric ulcer, was shown to prevent irradiation-induced diarrhea and bowel discomfort significantly in patients treated for pelvic cancer with external radiotherapy with intent to cure [11].
• These results indicated that the commercially available benzylpenicillin preparations have enough antigenicity to evoke systemic anaphylactic reactions in guinea pigs immunized with BPO-As mixed with aluminum hydroxide gel [12].

Biological context of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• Antibody responses to a Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite (CS) protein vaccine, R32NS1(81), administered with an adjuvant containing cell-wall skeleton of mycobacteria and monophosphoryl lipid A in squalane (MPL/CWS) have been compared to responses to the same immunogen administered with aluminum hydroxide [13].
• Aluminum hydroxide gel delays gastric emptying in rats and man [14].
• Vaccine regimens using 0.1 ml human diploid cell strain vaccine (HDCSV) given intradermally (id) in single and multiple sites, or with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant given subcutaneously (sc), were compared with the regimens of HDCSV and Semple vaccine currently suggested by WHO [15].
• Another index for the detection of fibrosis, the PGA index, combines the prothrombin time, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity, and serum apolipoprotein A1 concentration (the latter falls with progressive fibrosis) [16].
• To determine the contribution of its components, aluminum hydroxide and sucrose octasulfate (SOS), rabbit esophageal epithelia were mounted in Ussing chambers to monitor changes in electrical resistance (R) upon exposure to HCl (pH 1.4-1.6) [17].

Anatomical context of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• Whereas PGA/RG-I epitopes are detected primarily in cis- and medial Golgi cisternae in cortical cells (Moore, P. J., K. M. M. Swords, M. A. Lynch, and L. A. Staehelin. 1991. J. Cell Biol. 112:589-602), they are localized predominantly in the trans-Golgi cisternae and the trans-Golgi network in epidermal and peripheral root cap cells [18].
• Analysis of somatic cell hybrids suggested that the most likely localization of ROM1 is in the approximately 2-cM interval between human PGA (human pepsinogen A) and PYGM (muscle glycogen phosphorylase) [19].
• Localization of the photoreceptor gene ROM1 to human chromosome 11 and mouse chromosome 19: sublocalization to human 11q13 between PGA and PYGM [19].
• Induction of hsp70 has been associated recently with the ability of PGA to protect K562 cells from thermal injury, establishing a thermotolerant state; however, the role of hsp70 in thermotolerance is still controversial [20].
• Rabbits were immunized with dinitrophenyl-coupled Ascaris antigen (DNP-Asc) or ragweed antigen (DNP-Rag) included in aluminum hydroxide gel and their mesenteric lymph node cells were cultured for 24 hr in vitro in the presence of free homologous carrier [21].

Associations of Aluminum hydroxide gel with other chemical compounds

• Similar to sucralfate, aluminum hydroxide added to the acidified bath increased R and luminal pH [17].
• INTERVENTION: At intubation, patients were randomly assigned to receive one of the following: antacid (a suspension of aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide), 20 mL every 2 hours; ranitidine, 150 mg as a continuous intravenous infusion; or sucralfate, 1 g every 4 hours [22].
• Interaction of aluminum hydroxide and allopurinol in patients on chronic hemodialysis [23].
• During indomethacin, potassium balance became positive, serum potassium rose from 2.1--3 mEq/1 in the absence of potassium supplementation, plasma renin activity decreased from 55--3.2 ng/day and peripheral plasma PGA-like activity fell from 1460 +/- 220 to 456 +/- 71 pg/ml [24].
• The fresh perfusate was shown by ultrafiltration to contain largely particulate/colloidal aluminium-hydroxide, and this probably adhered to intestinal mucus which may be an important barrier to the gastrointestinal absorption of aluminium [25].

Gene context of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• Previous studies demonstrate that aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (alum) produces increased Th1 responses in IL-4-deficient mice compared with wild-type animals, although the continued production of IL-5 by spleen cells from these mice also indicates that Th2 responses are induced [26].
• Biofilm formation is not regulated by csrA, csrB or uvrY in a DeltapgaC mutant, which cannot synthesize PGA [27].
• The Common vaccine adjuvant aluminum hydroxide up-regulates accessory properties of human monocytes via an interleukin-4-dependent mechanism [28].
• The MEN1 locus has been localized by family studies to 11q13, flanked by markers PGA and D11S97 [29].
• TCN1, PGA, and PYGM did not yield any comigrating fragments and could not be physically linked on this PFGE map [30].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Aluminum hydroxide gel

• For vaccination, the lyophilized M24 protein preparation (pep M24) was precipitated in aluminum hydroxide [31].
• However, the effect of aluminum hydroxide could be abolished by titration with HCl to maintain pH similar to acid-treated control tissues [17].
• By using [51Cr]sodium chromate and a gamma camera technique, half-emptying time in 6 subjects with no gastrointestinal disease was shown to be prolonged from 13.1 min after water ingestion to 48.0 min after three hourly doses of aluminum hydroxide gel [14].
• Reaginic antibodies to DNP and ovalbumin were indcued readily in B6D2F1 mice by a single intraperitoneal injection of 1 mug of DNP-ovalbumin suspended with 1 mg aluminum hydroxide in 0.5 ml of saline [32].
• Patients were treated with six intradermal injections of aluminum hydroxide-precipitated 1E10 anti-Id mAb given at 2-wk intervals [33].

References