Disease relevance of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• BACKGROUND & AIMS: Antibiotic prophylaxis in severe pancreatitis has recently yielded promising clinical results, with imipenem significantly reducing the incidence of infected necrosis compared with an untreated control group [1].
• Heretofore, in vivo investigations of the biology of Pc and pathogenesis of pneumocystosis have generally employed steroid-induced immune suppression with antibiotic prophylaxis and protein deprivation [2].
• The episodes of fever of unknown origin and major infection were significantly more common in patients receiving parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis, although the episodes of local infection were similar in both groups [3].
• Inhibition of staphylococcal wound infection and potentiation of antibiotic prophylaxis by a recombinant fragment of the fibronectin-binding protein of Staphylococcus aureus [4].
• CONCLUSIONS: Antibiotic prophylaxis is therefore not necessary in patients with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial embolization [5].

Psychiatry related information on Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• Infants in the standard therapy group (n = 14) received no steroids, occasional ursodeoxycholic acid, and perioperative intravenous antibiotics followed by oral antibiotic prophylaxis [6].

High impact information on Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• This association remained statistically significant when parenteral drug abuse and routine antibiotic prophylaxis preceding dental work and other forms of instrumentation were taken into account [7].
• METHODS: A total sample size of 200 patients was calculated to demonstrate with a power of 90% that antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the proportion of patients with infected pancreatic necrosis from 40% placebo (PLA) to 20% ciprofloxacin/metronidazole (CIP/MET) [8].
• The effect of five days of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin injections (beginning just before surgery) on postoperative infections (beginning just before surgery) on postoperative infectious complications was evaluated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in nine centres on 2137 patients undergoing hip replacement [9].
• Two hundred twenty patients were randomly assigned to receive either ceforanide or cephalothin as perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis during cardiovascular surgery [10].
• If one assumes that cephalothin does not increase the risk of infection, then these data show that antibiotic prophylaxis prevents infection after coronary artery bypass surgery, and, in the dosages used, that ceforanide is superior to cephalothin [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• OBJECTIVES: In response to an increased frequency of Staphylococcus epidermidis infections in postoperative cardiac surgery patients, antibiotic prophylaxis was changed to include both vancomycin and cefazolin pre- and intraoperatively [11].
• We define wound infection and arrive at an incidence of 29.4% in patients receiving Cefoxitin antibiotic prophylaxis and 31.2% in patients receiving placebo [12].
• One-dose antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy: a randomized trial of clindamycin, cefazolin sodium and a placebo [13].
• In 23 patients undergoing transurethral resection or suprapubic operation of benign hypertrophy of the prostate, perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis was started with 5 g of mezlocillin in each patient [14].
• Parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis of bacterial infections does not improve cost-efficacy of oral norfloxacin in cirrhotic patients with gastrointestinal bleeding [15].

Biological context of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single 1,000-milligram, intravenous dose of metronidazole for antibiotic prophylaxis of colorectal surgery [16].
• Pharmacokinetics and tissue penetration of a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 milligrams intravenously) for antibiotic prophylaxis in thoracic surgery [17].
• A novel technique of infection prevention, based on the maintenance of the colonization resistance and on selective decontamination of the digestive tract in combination with systematic antibiotic prophylaxis with cefotaxime, proved to be very effective [18].
• BACKGROUND: Trovafloxacin is a new fourth-generation fluoroquinolone whose pharmacokinetics and in vitro activity suggest that it is well suited for antibiotic prophylaxis in elective hysterectomy [19].
• OBJECTIVES: To determine the antibiotic resistance pattern in children admitted to the hospital with UTIs, and to determine if history of UTI, antibiotic prophylaxis, or vesicoureteral reflux increases the risk of resistant organisms [20].

Anatomical context of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• Meropenem was significantly more effective than ceftazidime in severely neutropenic (</= 100 cells/microliter) patients (55% v 43%, respectively), bone marrow transplant patients (73% v 27%, respectively), and patients given antibiotic prophylaxis before study entry (71% v 52%, respectively) [21].
• Treatment consisted of four cycles of Hyper-CVAD alternating with four cycles of high-dose methotrexate (MTX) and cytarabine therapy, together with intrathecal CNS prophylaxis and supportive care with antibiotic prophylaxis and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor therapy [22].
• All patients with a urinary tract infection received antibiotic prophylaxis and oxybutynin was prescribed for all those with dysfunctional voiding [23].
• Over a broad range of clinical and cost variables, the strategy of risk stratification and restriction of antibiotic prophylaxis to the subgroup of patients with cirrhosis and ascites who were at high risk for SBP (as identified by serum bilirubin >2.5 mg/dl and ascitic fluid protein <1 g/dl) was the most favored strategy [24].
• We conclude that antibiotic prophylaxis with ciprofloxacin results in more rapid neutrophil recovery than prophylaxis with co-trimoxazole [25].

Associations of Antibiotic Prophylaxis with chemical compounds

• Antibiotic prophylaxis with azithromycin or penicillin for childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders [26].
• Ceftriaxone was administered as antibiotic prophylaxis, and 15 consecutive patients were given a single dose of ceftriaxone (1,000 mg intravenously in 1 min) 30 min before surgery [27].
• Cefotaxime and flucloxacillin as antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac transplantation [28].
• Perioperative single-dose antibiotic prophylaxis of cefonicid was compared with clindamycin in a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial of patients undergoing oncologic head and neck surgery [29].
• Antibiotic prophylaxis in 122 patients with NPA was studied prospectively comparing ceftizoxime (CTZ), cefamandole (CFM), and placebo (PLA) [30].

Gene context of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• To better target patients in whom antibiotic prophylaxis could be beneficial, we evaluated whether early serum profiles of interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha, C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) help to discriminate between patients who eventually develop infection of necrosis and those who do not [31].
• Investigation of prevalence of MRSA in referrals to neurosurgery: implications for antibiotic prophylaxis [32].
• A combination of PCT and IL-6 thresholds could be helpful in identifying a subgroup of patients in whom antibiotic prophylaxis is likely to be ineffective [31].
• Effects of G-CSF and antibiotic prophylaxis in a 2 x 2 factorial design on outcome in septic rats [33].
• We observed no association with CD4 counts, p24 antigen, antibiotic prophylaxis with sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim or antiretroviral treatment [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

• CONCLUSION: Primary G-CSF prophylaxis added to primary antibiotic prophylaxis is effective in reducing FN and infections in SCLC patients at the risk of FN with the first cycle of CDE chemotherapy [35].
• Patients undergoing initial remission induction chemotherapy for acute leukemia in a protected environment unit were randomly assigned to parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis or oral and parenteral antibiotic prophylaxis [3].
• In contrast, coronary angioplasty patients (who did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis) did not have any of the 14 sites containing low levels of methicillin-resistant strains before angioplasty emerge to harbor high levels of methicillin-resistant staphylococci after angioplasty [36].
• Clinical trials in surgery suggest that some failures of antibiotic prophylaxis are related to the in vivo degradation of beta-lactams by Staphylococcus aureus beta-lactamase [37].
• Antibiotic prophylaxis for ERCP: a comparison of oral ciprofloxacin with intravenous cephazolin in the prophylaxis of high-risk patients [38].

References