Disease relevance of Incus

• Causes of delayed or recurrent conductive hearing loss included reparative granuloma formation, incus necrosis (at the attachment of the wire), prosthesis subluxation (most often posterior), and regrowth of otosclerosis, which occasionally is further complicated by incus dislocation [1].
• This observation lends further evidence as to why ears with poorly pneumatized mastoids are a priori at risk to develop complications such as SOM in adults, tympanic membrane retractions and perforations, incus necrosis or retraction pocket cholesteatoma [2].

High impact information on Incus

• In addition, Bapx1 is expressed both within and surrounding the incus and the malleus [3].
• Physiologic reestablishment of ossicular continuity during excision of retraction pockets: use of hydroxyapatite bone cement for rebridging the incus [4].
• The presence of this pathology, the mid-frequency loss in incus sensitivity and the variability in incus velocity among animals suggested that abnormal stapes behavior in Brn4 deficient mice may determine the response of the ossicles, and thus account for the abnormal mid-frequency umbo behavior seen in knockout animals [5].
• The Nitinol loop closed snugly around the incus with application to the top of the hook with a low temperature laser setting [6].
• The design of the titanium prosthesis provides a crimp that is circumferential around the incus, and that prosthesis was selected in cases with a narrow incus [7].

Anatomical context of Incus

• In fish, Bapx1 is responsible for the formation of the joint between the quadrate and articular (homologues of the malleus and incus, respectively) enabling an evolutionary comparison of the role of a regulatory gene in the transition of the proximal jawbones to middle ear ossicles [3].
• (2) Titanium-gold-angle prosthesis according to Plester were crimped to the long process of the incus and positioned onto the head of the stapes forming an articulation [8].
• METHODS: Five NdFeB magnets and four solid titanium cylinders were cemented onto the incus of five preserved human temporal bones and two cadaver heads [9].
• The perichondria of malleus and incus cartilages express alkaline phosphatase at stage M24 [10].

Associations of Incus with chemical compounds

• METHODS: An electromagnetic semiimplantable hearing device presently under development was implanted into the middle ear of six cats using 4-META/MMA-TBB resin to cement a titanium-encased magnet to the incus [11].
• Notched incus homografts were prepared prior to surgery and stored in 4% formalin [12].
• In addition, we have used dense tricalcium phosphate ceramic to correct minor ossicular chain defects (for example, erosion of the long process of the incus) [13].
• Both axial and coronal images are needed for evaluation of a dislocated malleus or incus [14].
• CONCLUSION: In the present study we show that in the case of a missing crus longum of the incus, a tympanoplasty type II achieved a statistically significant better hearing gain than an autograft interposition [8].

Gene context of Incus

• Temporal bone pathology case of the month. Congenital fixation of the incus [15].
• In revision stapedectomy, a crimp-on prosthesis may be placed on the cement-lengthened incus [16].
• A comparison of PORP, TORP, and incus homograft for ossicular reconstruction in chronic ear surgery [12].
• In 34 posttraumatic incus dislocations, the initial sensorineural hearing loss (primary) after the trauma and that 11 years after trauma (late) were analyzed [17].
• In 6 patients including the individual with complete incus luxation, postoperative ABG was less than 10 dB [18].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Incus

• RESULTS: In 1993 Applebaum proposed the use of a hydroxylapatite ossicular prosthesis as an alternative to incus interposition for the repair of incudostapedial discontinuity [19].
• Twenty otologic procedures were performed in which the incus long process was resected and the defect bridged with one of four grafting materials: autograft ossicular bone, bone pate-fibrin glue, porous hydroxylapatite, and Plastipore-bone pate [20].

References