Disease relevance of Tympanic Membrane

• Twenty-eight children aged five to nine years with chronic serous otitis media received a single dose of either ampicillin or amoxicillin by the oral route 1-2 hr before the removal of middle ear fluid by ventilation tubes inserted through the tympanic membrane [1].
• Mice deficient in the Msx1 homeobox gene exhibit craniofacial abnormalities, including the absence of the malleal processus brevis that is normally attached to the upper part of the tympanic membrane [2].
• CONCLUSIONS: In children who were candidates for ventilation tube insertion randomly assigned to receive medical or VT treatment for otitis media with effusion, elevated hearing thresholds and tympanic membrane pathologic abnormalities were more common in VT subjects 6 to 10 years after insertion [3].
• Laser assisted tympanic membrane fenestration seems to be effective in the management of middle ear fluid before ABR +/- OAE, barotrauma, eustachian tube dysfunction, and for tympanocentesis [4].
• RESULTS: The authors' results indicate that p53 is elevated 9- to 20-fold in all cholesteatomas when compared to the expression of p53 in normal postauricular skin or tympanic membrane [5].

High impact information on Tympanic Membrane

• RESULTS: Mean rectal temperatures exceeded concurrent oral readings by 0.4 degrees C +/- 0.4 degrees C (0.8 degrees F +/- 0.7 degrees F), which, in turn, exceeded concurrent tympanic membrane readings (obtained with a digital thermometer [IVAC Corp, San Diego, Calif]) by 0.4 degrees C +/- 1.1 degrees C (0.7 degrees F +/- 2.0 degrees F) [6].
• The noninvasive measurement of tympanic membrane glucose concentration was calibrated to the serum glucose concentration using 432 paired measurements from 20 subjects with insulin-requiring diabetes [7].
• METHODS: Two-hundred twenty consecutively admitted neuro-ICU patients whose tympanic membrane temperature reached or exceeded 101 degrees F (38.3 degrees C) were randomly assigned to receive acetaminophen (650 mg every 4 hours) alone (n = 107) or acetaminophen plus air blanket therapy (n = 113) [8].
• Some limited evidence of improvement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and a possible healing effect of hyaluronic acid on tympanic membrane perforations, represent additional areas of interest for future investigation [9].
• Also at day 28, signs of AOM, such as abnormal reflectometry (45% versus 59%; P = 0.017), bulging of the eardrum (10% versus 16%; P = 0.059) and loss of tympanic membrane landmarks (11% versus 22%; P = 0.010) were seen less frequently in azithromycin- than co-amoxiclav-treated children, respectively [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Tympanic Membrane

• Propylene glycol, the main agent used for this purpose, produces a long-standing inflammation that causes hyperplasia and migration of the epithelium through an intact tympanic membrane [11].
• With proper teamwork between the hemotologist and otolaryngologist, children with hemophilia A and otitis media can obtain the benefits of tympanostomy tubes; 90% phenol applied topically to the tympanic membrane is a useful hemostatic agent [12].
• Coralline hydroxylapatite was placed in the mastoid bulla of dogs and was carved into struts which were placed into the middle ear and against the tympanic membrane [13].
• Office-based CO2 laser-assisted tympanic membrane fenestration addressing otitis media with effusion [14].
• The aim of the study was to detect inner ear fluid pressure changes induced by glycerol in Menière's disease (MD) by means of a tympanic membrane displacement analyser (TDA) [15].

Biological context of Tympanic Membrane

• Heat loss and skin-surface and tympanic membrane temperatures, before and after induction of isoflurane anesthesia, were measured in five minimally clothed volunteers [16].
• The authors previously evaluated the effects of FGF on tympanic membrane perforations and showed an enhanced rate of wound healing with preservation of normal structure and function [17].
• No diameter changes occurred for 5% CO2 in air despite a 50% flow increase, nor for air pressure pulses applied at the tympanic membrane [18].
• Treatment with 1.0% and 10% N-chlorotaurine caused a reversible increase in auditory brainstem response threshold by 20 dB 4 days after application because of local irritation around the perforation of the tympanic membrane [19].
• A monoclonal antibody against bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to investigate cell proliferation in the tympanic membrane of white rabbits [20].

Anatomical context of Tympanic Membrane

• A new tympanic membrane is formed from formaldehyde-fixed autogenous temporalis fascia and positioned [21].
• Similarly, tympanic membrane rupture led to decreased glucose utilisation in the contralateral and increased utilisation in the ipsilateral inferior colliculus [22].
• Nitric oxide and malondialdehyde levels of the specimens obtained from the middle ear mucosa (P =.001) and tympanic membrane (P =.01) and, in parallel to this, the plasma malondialdehyde activity level were higher in group 1 than in group 2 [23].
• METHODS: In a rat model, the mast cell secretagogue compound 48/80 was applied locally to the tympanic membrane on 4 consecutive days and the ensuing inflammatory changes were evaluated by otological, light, and electron microscopy 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 hours and 4, 6, and 8 days later [24].
• Dosing with dinitrobenzene (10 mg/kg in 4 doses over 48 hr) to otherwise normal rats produces symmetrical vasculonecrotic lesions in these regions, but in animals with left tympanic membrane rupture the severity of morphological changes in the ipsilateral cochlear nucleus and the contralateral inferior colliculus were substantially reduced [22].

Associations of Tympanic Membrane with chemical compounds

• RESULTS: Tympanic membrane temperature during surgery in the patients premedicated with famotidine was significantly less than those in the patients without famotidine [25].
• METHODS AND MAIN RESULTS: Alfentanil significantly reduced the febrile response to pyrogen, decreasing integrated tympanic membrane temperatures from 7.5+/-2.2 degrees C x hr on the control day, to 4.9+/-1.5 degrees C x hr with 100 ng/mL alfentanil, and to 5.1+/-1.7 degrees C x hr with 200 ng/mL alfentanil (p = .011) [26].
• In this study, the distribution of hyaluronan (HYA), fibronectin, and five chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was analysed in healing tympanic membrane (TM) perforations of rats, at different time points, using a HYA-binding protein probe and six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) [27].
• The 17 patients, aged 22 to 63 years, had small, medium, or large perforations of the tympanic membrane that were treated locally with sodium hyaluronate until a reduction in the area of the perforation was observed [28].
• CONCLUSION: Application of docusate sodium or triethanolamine polypeptide did not significantly improve the proportion of tympanic membranes that were completely visualized vs application of the saline control [29].

Gene context of Tympanic Membrane

• This is the first study investigating KGF in the tympanic membrane perforation model [17].
• A new method for closing tympanic membrane perforations using basic fibroblast growth factor [30].
• OBJECTIVE: To present a new method for closing tympanic membrane perforations using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) combined with an atelocollagen/silicone bilayer membrane as a patch material [30].
• CONCLUSION: We conclude that osteopontin, osteoprotegerin and osteonectin are expressed by different cell types in the tympanic membrane during calcification in association with AOM, with or without myringotomy [31].
• Extracellular matrix components reflect the dynamics of a healing tympanic membrane perforation--a histochemical study [27].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Tympanic Membrane

• There was no significant difference in the proportion of tympanic membranes completely visualized after treatment with docusate (18/34; 53%), triethanolamine polypeptide (13/30; 43%), or saline (19/28; 68%) (P =.17) [29].
• Topical anesthesia was achieved with iontophoresis (n = 1) or topical anesthesia: 8% tetracaine on an Otowick (Xomed Surgical Products, Jacksonville, FL, catalogue No. 400141) against the tympanic membrane for 45 to 180 minutes (n = 53) [32].
• CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that vitamin E-coated tube insertion decreases the quantity of reactive oxygen species in tympanic membrane after myringotomy and tympanostomy tube insertion [33].
• METHODS: All children undergoing myringotomy and adenoidectomy for OME in the spring of 1999 had 1.7-mm-diameter perforations created in their tympanic membranes using a CO2 laser and conventional microslad [34].
• Homograft tympanoplasty in perspective. A long-term clinical-histologic study of formalin-fixed tympanic membranes used for the reconstruction of 125 severely damaged middle ears [35].

References