Disease relevance of Pachytene Stage

• The recombination frequencies (determined by the mean number of MLH1 foci per cell at the pachytene stage) were significantly reduced in obstructive azoospermia compared to that in controls [1].

High impact information on Pachytene Stage

• Most Sycp1(-/-) spermatocytes arrest in pachynema, whereas a small proportion reaches diplonema, or, exceptionally, metaphase I [2].
• We demonstrate that MSH4 is present in the nuclei of spermatocytes early in prophase I and that it forms discrete foci along meiotic chromosomes during the zygotene and pachytene stages of meiosis [3].
• The different pattern of localization of the Rad51 protein between the leptotene and pachytene stages and the absence of the Lim15 protein in the pachytene stage suggest that the Rad51 protein plays different roles in these stages [4].
• Although Dazl-/- mice remained infertile when the DAZ transgene was introduced, histological examination revealed a partial and variable rescue of the mutant phenotype, manifest as a pronounced increase in the germ cell population of the seminiferous tubules and survival to the pachytene stage of meiosis [5].
• BLM foci progressively dissociate from the synapsed autosomal axes during early pachynema and are no longer seen in mid-pachynema [6].

Biological context of Pachytene Stage

• Homozygous deletions of the KEM1 gene in yeast block meiosis at the pachytene stage, which is consistent with the hypothesis that G4 tetraplex DNA may be involved in homologous chromosome pairing during meiosis [7].
• In concert with a requirement for c-Abl at the pachytene stage, we show that, in contrast to wild-type mice, testes from Abl-/- mice exhibit defects in spermatogenesis [8].
• Nonhomologous synapsis persists from initiation of synaptonemal complex formation in zygonema/early pachynema until dissolution in late pachynema [9].
• The most striking phenotype of SEP1 null mutations is quantitative arrest during meiotic prophase at the pachytene stage [10].
• Synaptonemal complex analysis demonstrated that mitotic differences in heterochromatic short-arm lengths between the X and Y chromosomes were reflected in early pachynema as corresponding differences in axial element lengths within the pairing region of the sex bivalent [11].

Anatomical context of Pachytene Stage

• Oocyte nuclei after the pachytene stage also were immunoreactive for CTfin51 protein [12].
• Adriamycin induced significant increases in micronuclei in both secondary spermatocytes and spermatids after 162 h of culture, the time for initial pachytene stages to develop into secondary spermatocytes and spermatids [13].

Associations of Pachytene Stage with chemical compounds

• Results are presented here which demonstrate that the rates of [14C]acetate incorporation into cholesterol and dolichol increased 4- to 5-fold as mouse spermatocytes matured from the preleptotene to prepuberal pachytene stages [14].

Gene context of Pachytene Stage

• The ndt80 null and point mutants arrest at the pachytene stage of meiosis, with homologs connected by full-length synaptonemal complexes and spindle pole bodies duplicated but unseparated [15].
• The number of MSH4 foci decreases gradually as pachynema progresses [16].
• Cdk2 colocalizes with MLH1, a mismatch repair protein at sites of reciprocal recombination in mid-late pachynema [17].
• During the leptotene to pachytene stages, PCNA and FEN-1 were localized in the nuclear region [18].
• In the pachytene stage, the Rad51 protein was present almost exclusively along the core of the synaptonemal complexes (SC) [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Pachytene Stage

• Axial elements and lateral synaptonemal complex components were subsequently stained by immunofluorescence and the presence of axial elements at the pachytene stage was highlighted with indirect immunofluorescence against the Atr protein [20].
• The synaptic behavior of an inverted X chromosome, In(X)1H as reflected in the synaptonemal complexes of the sex chromosomes has been examined in microspread spermatocytes by electron microscopy and evidence of extensive nonhomologous synapsis between the X and Y during early pachynema has been obtained [21].

References