Disease relevance of Gramine

• 4. Gramine, which exacerbates HPNS, significantly increased the number of population spikes evoked in Mg(2+)-free medium [1].
• Pertussis toxin causes an attenuation of the gramine-induced inhibition of adenylate cyclase [2].
• Voles that survived on gramine diets had kidney lesions, glycosuria, higher intakes (P less than 0.05), and lower weight gains (P less than 0.01) than control animals [3].

High impact information on Gramine

• The effect of gramine on the different stages of the cell division process has also been investigated [4].
• Gramine causes a marked increase in radio-calcium efflux from the fertilized egg, and at the same time lowers the cAMP level [4].
• The indole nucleus of these analogues was constructed by the reductive cyclization of the corresponding 2, beta-dinitrostyrenes, and the aminoethyl side chain was introduced via gramine methiodides [5].
• The found anti/syn ratio of compound 8, which is a seco-ent-ardeemin analogue obtained by alkylation of 1 with gramine methiodide, confirms this computational model [6].
• Gramine blocks the fast DSI-DFN EPSP, and has far less of an effect on the slow EPSP and the modulation [7].

Biological context of Gramine

• Effects of gramine on energy metabolism of rat and bovine mitochondria [8].
• At higher concentrations gramine inhibited specifically the electron transport at the level of Complex I of the respiratory chain [8].
• Novel marine-derived halogen-containing gramine analogues induce vasorelaxation in isolated rat aorta [9].
• Gramine, a competitive serotonin antagonist, and octopamine have effects opposite to those of serotonin: gramine and octopamine increase action potential duration and suppress M3 activity [10].
• Synthesis of N1-nitroso-3-nitromethylindole: a nonvolatile N-nitroso compound isolated from the nitrosation of the alkaloid gramine [11].

Anatomical context of Gramine

• 5 (+)-Lysergic diethylamide (LSD), methysergide or gramine did not alter the response to 5-HT, while LSD in low doses produced a marked increase in chemoreceptor discharges [12].
• Voles fed 0.25 and 0.50% gramine had increased circulating reticulocyte levels (P less than 0.01) and those fed 0.125% gramine had higher alkaline phosphatase activity (P less than 0.05) than the control voles [3].
• D98E also increased the efficacy of gramine relative to 5HT for inducing substrate-activated currents in Xenopus laevis oocytes, but these currents were noticeably dependent on extracellular medium acidification [13].

Associations of Gramine with other chemical compounds

• The role of these substances in the cell division process has been studied by using the serotonin antagonists, gramine and metergoline [4].
• A new indole alkaloid, N,N-methyl-3'-indolylmethyl-5-methoxytryptamine ( 4), as well as the known gramine, N,N-dimethyltryptamine and 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-beta-carboline were isolated from the roots of ANTIRHEA LUCIDA (Sw.) Hook (Rubiaceae) [14].
• One hundred and twenty meadow voles, 31 days of age, were fed gramine (0, 0.125, 0.25, or 0.5% of a nutritionally complete diet) or hordenine sulfate (0, 0.15, 0.31, or 0.62% of the diet) for 21 days [3].
• It is possible that the fluoride-induced concurrent increase in gramine concentration in barley leaves could override the eventual increase in nutritive value to herbivorous insects after fluoride exposure [15].
• A new mechanism if proposed to explain the labile nature of the dimethylamino group of gramine and to account for the fact that NDMA is the only N-nitrosamine formed during the nitrosation of gramine [16].

Gene context of Gramine

• Whole blood or urine, containing DMT and gramine (internal standard), was subjected to solid-phase extraction with a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge before analysis by GC-SID [17].
• A gene sequence in barley that earlier was characterized as a jasmonate-induced O-methyltransferase (MT) (EC 2.1.1.6, GenBank accession U54767) was here found to be absent in some barley cultivars and breeding lines that all lacked gramine [18].

References