Disease relevance of GAD1

• Immunohistochemical detection of the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and hormones of the islets of Langerhans in spontaneous insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in cattle [1].

High impact information on GAD1

• The tissue localizations of Glu-like and GABA-like immunoreactivities (Glu-LI and GABA-LI) matched those of specific uptake sites for Glu and GABA, and, in the case of GABA-LI, also that of the specific marker enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) [2].
• Histochemical and biochemical studies demonstrate that gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.15), and GABA aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.19) are present in bovine adrenal chromaffin cells [3].
• The gene encoding glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the key enzyme in the synthesis of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid, is shown to be expressed in the testis of several different species [4].
• In this work, we report that the recombinant glutathione S-transferase (GST)-human L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (HGAD) isoforms, 65-kDa L-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) (GST-HGAD65) fusion protein or free truncated HGAD65, were activated by apocalmodulin (ApoCaM) to an extent of 60% [5].
• Characterization of glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in cerebral blood vessels [6].

Biological context of GAD1

• Open reading frames indicated that GAD1 encodes a polypeptide of 496 amino acids and has greater than 99% identity with known tobacco GADs, whereas GAD3 encodes a polypeptide of 491 amino acids and has about 14% divergence from known tobacco GADs [7].
• The nucleotide sequences of two divergent GADs (designated GAD1 and GAD3) were isolated from a Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Samsun NN leaf cDNA library [7].

Anatomical context of GAD1

• Many GABA- and glutamic acid decarboxylase-containing nerve fibres were found at the basal portion of the ependymal cells of the subcommissural organ [8].
• The developmental profile of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) derived from 3-day-old whole chick embryo cultures showed low activities whereas the enzyme activity markedly rose in cultures derived from 6- or 8-day-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres during the first two weeks [9].

Associations of GAD1 with chemical compounds

• The distributions of norepinephrine, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, serotonin, tryptophan hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, and histamine appeared to correlate poorly with the major distributions of TRH and LHRH [10].
• The innervation of the frog subcommissural organ was studied by light-microscopic and ultrastructural immunocytochemistry using antisera against serotonin, noradrenaline, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase, different GABA receptor subunits and bovine Reissner's fibre material (AFRU) [8].
• Glutamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), formed from glutamic acid in crude tissue extracts by glutamine synthetase and glutamic acid decarboxylase respectively, were separated by derivatization with dansyl chloride followed by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography on the Altex Ultrasphere ODS-5 column [11].
• Incubation of pineal homogenates in the presence of aminooxyacetic acid decreased Vmax of glutamic acid decarboxylase, without modifying its Km [12].
• Glutaric acid, malic acid and C-allylglycine, all widely known as potent inhibitors of glutamic acid decarboxylase, only slightly inhibited cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase [13].

Other interactions of GAD1

• Use of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for simultaneous determination of glutamine synthetase and glutamic acid decarboxylase in crude extracts [11].

References