Disease relevance of Infant Formula

• Other milks, including cow's milk, sheep's milk, pig's milk, and infant formulas did not promote the growth of this species, but did show activity on Bifidobacterium infantis and Bifidobacterium longum [1].
• Formula-fed infants with birth weights < or = 1500 g (n = 61) were stratified by 250-g birth-weight ranges and randomly assigned to receive one of three preterm infant formulas (vitamin A contents of 820 IU, 1640 IU, or 2900 IU/MJ; 1 RE = 3.3 IU vitamin A activity) when subjects tolerated 0.314 MJ.kg-1.d-1 [2].
• Hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis from ingestion of a chloride-deficient infant formula: outcome 9 and 10 years later [3].
• Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity cases on a dose per 100-kcal basis suggest that the current maximum in infant formula is appropriate [4].
• The use of nitrate-contaminated drinking water to prepare infant formula is a well-known risk factor for infant methemoglobinemia [5].

Psychiatry related information on Infant Formula

• Learning disabilities as a probable consequence of using chloride-deficient infant formula [6].
• It has been suggested that the fat composition of infant formula should provide arachidonic acid [20:4(n-6)] and docosahexaenoic acid [22:6(n-3)] or increased alpha-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)] to optimize the (n-3) and (n-6) fatty acid content of brain during infant development [7].

High impact information on Infant Formula

• Additionally, the concentration of IGF-I in milk of rbGH-treated cows is within the normal physiological range found in human breast milk, and IGF-I is denatured under conditions used to process cow's milk for infant formula [8].
• Mammary epithelial cells produced 48-kD sCD14. m-sCD14 mediated activation by LPS and whole bacteria of CD14 negative cells, including intestinal epithelial cells, resulting in release of innate immune response molecules. m-sCD14 was undetectable in the infant formulas and commercial (cows') milk tested, although it was present in bovine colostrum [9].
• We investigated whether the disparity in neural maturation between breastfed and formula-fed term infants could be corrected by the addition of fish oil, a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 omega 3), to infant formula [10].
• Aluminium in infant formulas [11].
• Use of soy-based infant formulas and soy/isoflavone supplements has aroused concern because of potential estrogenic effects of the soy isoflavones genistein and daidzein [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Infant Formula

• Retinal degeneration in 3-month-old rhesus monkey infants fed a taurine-free human infant formula [13].
• Vitamin E status was assessed in 36 infants with birth weights less than 1500 gm who were assigned randomly to receive one of three sources of nutrition: milk obtained from mothers of preterm infants (preterm milk), mature human milk, or infant formula [14].
• The species Bifidobacterium lactis, with its main representative strain Bb12 (DSM 10140), is a yoghurt isolate used as a probiotic strain and is commercially applied in different types of yoghurts and infant formulas [15].
• Reducing parenteral requirement in children with short bowel syndrome: impact of an amino acid-based complete infant formula [16].
• CONCLUSIONS: The addition of soy polysaccharide to infant formulas fed to children with short bowel syndrome might potentially improve small intestinal functional adaptation as well as positively affecting stool consistency [17].

Biological context of Infant Formula

• Its specific determination is needed to ensure infant formulas free of cross-reactive ABBOS antibody binding sites for use in ongoing and forthcoming intervention trials to elucidate the role of BSA as a possible environmental triggering agent of IDDM [18].
• The bioavailability of cefuroxime axetil was significantly enhanced in children by the concomitant ingestion of cefuroxime axetil and infant formula or whole milk [19].
• To assess the effect of thickening of feedings on gastroesophageal reflux and gastric emptying, 20 infants were examined with technetium scintigraphy and detailed behavioral observation after each of a pair of feedings, one with radiolabeled infant formula alone and the other with radiolabeled formula thickened with dry rice cereal [20].
• Growth and development of preterm infants fed infant formulas containing docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid [21].
• The objective of this study was to determine whether addition of dietary 20:4n-6 and 22:6n-3 to a conventional infant formula fat blend influences membrane long-chain and very-long-chain fatty acid composition, rhodopsin content, and rhodopsin kinetics in developing rat photoreceptor cells [22].

Anatomical context of Infant Formula

• CONCLUSION: LCP supplementation of term infant formula during the first year of life yields clear differences in visual function and in total red blood cell lipid composition [23].
• In conclusion, genistein at the level present in soy infant formula is bioactive in the small intestine and results in reduced enterocyte proliferation and migration [24].
• Decreased citrate improves iron availability from infant formula: application of an in vitro digestion/Caco-2 cell culture model [25].
• This study, in conjunction with an earlier report, demonstrates the feasibility of 1) long-term maintenance of red cell membrane DHA by its inclusion in infant formula and 2) DHA maintenance by "physiological" intakes of DHA; i.e. the amount provided by human milk.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[26]
• Human milk and infant formula containing coconut/soy oil were infused into the duodenum of rats to determine the incorporation of capric, lauric, myristic and palmitic acids into lymphatic triacylglycerol (TAG) [27].

Associations of Infant Formula with chemical compounds

• Importance of arachidonic acid in long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-supplemented infant formula [28].
• Studies reported here examine the extent to which differences in the source of protein (soy vs casein) and of carbohydrate (absence or presence of lactose) may be responsible for differential effects of soy-based and casein-based infant formulas on bone minerals [29].
• Infant formulas also contained choline and choline-containing compounds [30].
• The presence of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in breast milk, compared with their absence from infant formulas available in the United States, has prompted clinical trials designed to examine whether LCPUFA enrichment of infant formula has beneficial effects on maturational events of the visual system [31].
• Copper, iron, zinc, and manganese in dietary supplements, infant formulas, and ready-to-eat breakfast cereals [32].

Gene context of Infant Formula

• Future studies should examine the therapeutic potential of lactoferrin, perhaps as a supplement in infant formulas [33].
• In addition, AhR activation by dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, a potent AhR agonist, was significantly suppressed by infant formula and even more by human milk [34].
• A variety of processed bovine milk products had a PLP content similar to that of fresh bovine milk, whereas infant formulas had lower concentrations, ranging down to undetectable [35].
• Although current infant formulas closely mimic the ratio of total whey to casein inhuman milk, the concentration of a-lactalbumin (the dominant protein in human milk) is relatively low in formula, whereas beta-lactoglobulin, a protein not found in human milk, is the most dominant whey protein in formula [36].
• This study examined the presence of substance P and calcitonin-gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivities in various milks and infant formulas [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Infant Formula

• The purpose of this study was to determine whether selenate fortification of infant formula would improve the selenium status of relatively well, growing, preterm infants during the first 12 wk of enteral feeding [38].
• OBJECTIVE: We determined the effects of glycomacropeptide- and alpha-lactalbumin-supplemented infant formula on growth; trace mineral status; iron, zinc, and calcium absorption; and plasma amino acid, blood urea nitrogen, and plasma insulin concentrations [39].
• Eight hundred fifty 11- to 14-year-old residents of nonfluoridated communities in Massachusetts and Connecticut, who were born between 1972 and 1975, were investigated in a case-control study of the possible association between enamel fluorosis and exposure to fluoride supplements, infant formula, and/or fluoride dentifrice [40].
• Experimental findings in animal models and in human cell models provide further justification for taurine supplementation of infant formulas [41].
• Determination of free myo-inositol in milk and infant formula by high-performance liquid chromatography [42].

References