Disease relevance of Peridinin

• Unlike other eukaryotes, dinoflagellates containing peridinin use a form of RuBisCO (form II) previously found only in some species of proteobacteria [1].
• The coding regions for the N-domain, and full length peridinin-chlorophyll a apoprotein (full length PCP), were expressed in Escherichia coli [2].

High impact information on Peridinin

• Photosynthetic dinoflagellates are important aquatic primary producers and notorious causes of toxic 'red tides'. Typical dinoflagellate chloroplasts differ from all other plastids in having a combination of three envelope membranes and peridinin-chlorophyll a/c light-harvesting pigments [3].
• The structural basis for efficient excitonic energy transfer from peridinin to chlorophyll is found in the clustering of peridinins around the chlorophylls at van der Waals distances [4].
• At times of high carbon fixation, Rubisco is found in pyrenoids, regions of the chloroplasts located near the cell center, and is separated from most of the light-harvesting protein PCP (for peridinin-chlorophyll a--protein), which is found in cortical regions of the plastids [5].
• Phylogenetic analysis of the oxygen-evolving-enhancer (PsbO) proteins confirmed that in K. brevis the original peridinin-type plastid was replaced by that of a haptophyte, an alga which had previously acquired a red algal chloroplast by secondary endosymbiosis [6].
• Here, we employ femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy to reveal energy transfer pathways in the peridinin-chlorophyll-a-protein (PCP) complex containing the highly substituted carotenoid peridinin, which includes an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in its excited state manifold [7].

Biological context of Peridinin

• Migration of the plastid genome to the nucleus in a peridinin dinoflagellate [8].
• Indeed, protein maximum-likelihood analyses of concatenated PsaA and PsbA amino acid sequences indicate that, although 19' hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin-type (19' HNOF-type) plastids in dinoflagellates group with haptophyte plastids, peridinin-type plastids group weakly with those of stramenopiles [9].
• In the light of these processes, we have evaluated the origin of 2 types of dinoflagellate plastids, containing the peridinin or 19'-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin (19'-HNOF) pigments, by inferring the phylogeny using "covarion" evolutionary models allowing the pattern of among-site rate variation to change over time [10].
• Nucleotide sequence of a cDNA clone encoding the precursor of the peridinin-chlorophyll a-binding protein from the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium sp [11].
• However, a conserved sequence motif was identified by comparing the two intergene spacer regions of lcf and the peridinin chlorophyll protein gene, pcp; a novel 13 nt sequence, CGTGAACGCAGTG, which might be a dinoflagellate promoter, was found to be present in both [12].

Anatomical context of Peridinin

• Intact cells of the alga Amphidinium carterae (Dinophyceae), and a cell-free system prepared from it, incorporated 14C, 3H-labelled mevalonate into lycopene, beta, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, neoxanthin, diadinoxanthin and peridinin [13].
• In order to characterize macaque T-lymphocyte subsets, we used a chromophore from a dinoflagellate, peridinin chlorophyll A protein (PerCP), which, like fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and R-phycoerythrin (PE), can be excited by a 488-nm laser and emits light at 670 nm without spectral overlap with FITC and PE [14].
• Detection of lymphocyte subsets using three-color/single-laser flow cytometry and the fluorescent dye peridinin chlorophyll-alpha protein [15].
• The peridinin-pigmented plastids of dinoflagellates are very poorly understood, in part because of the paucity of molecular data available from these endosymbiotic organelles [16].
• The ultrastructure of the plastids in P. lebourae did not conform to the organization of thylakoids and enveloping membranes present in the peridinin-containing plastids of other photosynthetic dinoflagellates (i.e. stacks of 3 thylakoids and 3 outer membranes) [17].

Associations of Peridinin with other chemical compounds

• Carotenoid to chlorophyll energy transfer in the peridinin-chlorophyll-a-protein complex involves an intramolecular charge transfer state [7].
• The combined psaA + psbA tree shows significant support for the monophyly of peridinin- and fucoxanthin-containing dinoflagellates as sister to the haptophytes [18].
• Astaxanthin and peridinin inhibit oxidative damage in Fe(2+)-loaded liposomes: scavenging oxyradicals or changing membrane permeability [19]?
• Despite that the rigidifying effect of carotenoids in membranes was not directly measured here, peridinin probably has decreased membrane permeability to initiators (t-ButOOH > ascorbate > H(2)O(2)) since its incorporation limited oxidative damage on iron-liposomes [19].
• Although most photosynthetic dinoflagellates have plastids with peridinin, photosynthetic Dinophysis species have cryptophyte-like plastids containing phycobilin rather than peridinin [20].

Gene context of Peridinin

• Biotinylated anti-CR3 mAb and streptavidin-FITC were used in combination with anti-CD3 mAb conjugated with peridinin chlorophyll-alpha protein (PerCP) and phycoerythrin-labeled mAbs to CD4, CD8, CD19, or CD56 [21].
• Whole blood specimens are labelled with a mixture of antibodies: FITC-conjugated antibodies to CD4 and CD19, PE-conjugated antibodies to CD8 and CD16, and either peridinin chlorophyll protein (PerCP) or allophycocyanin (APC) labelling for antibodies to CD3 [22].
• All peridinin-containing dinoflagellates investigated so far have at least two types of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH): cytosolic and plastid-targeted forms [23].
• The results demonstrate a special light-harvesting strategy in the PCP complex that uses the ICT state of peridinin to enhance energy transfer efficiency [7].
• DNA1 + 2 analyses of plastid-encoded psbA genes (encoding of photosystem II D1 proteins) strongly suggest a relationship between haptophyte plastids and typical (peridinin-containing) dinoflagellate plastids [9].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Peridinin

• Complete chloroplast 23S rRNA and psbA genes from five peridinin-containing dinoflagellates (Heterocapsa pygmaea, Heterocapsa niei, Heterocapsa rotun-data, Amphidinium carterae, and Protoceratium reticulatum) were amplified by PCR and sequenced; partial sequences were obtained from Thoracosphaera heimii and Scrippsiella trochoidea [24].
• Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a peridinin-chlorophyll a protein from Amphidinium carterae [25].
• Use of ultrafast dispersed pump-dump-probe and pump-repump-probe spectroscopies to explore the light-induced dynamics of peridinin in solution [26].

References