Disease relevance of Carotenoid

• Membrane-bound carotenoid in Micrococcus luteus protects naphthoquinone from photodynamic action [1].
• The Gram-negative bacterium Myxococcus xanthus responds to blue light by producing carotenoid pigments (Car+ phenotype) [2].
• OBJECTIVE--To examine the relationship between total serum carotenoid levels and the risk of subsequent coronary heart disease (CHD) events [3].
• Golden color imparted by carotenoid pigments is the eponymous feature of the human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus [4].
• A white, carotenoid-negative mutant strain of Sarcina lutea was more susceptible to the acetaldehyde-xanthine oxidase system than was the yellow, carotenoid-positive parent strain [5].

Psychiatry related information on Carotenoid

• The importance of carotenoid end group structure and ring-to-chain conformation around the C-6-C-7 torsion angle of the carotenoid molecule in binding and complex reassembly is discussed [6].
• Effect of alcohol consumption on plasma carotenoid concentrations in premenopausal women: a controlled dietary study [7].
• METHODS: Quail were fed for 6 months with a commercial turkey diet (T group; n = 8), carotenoid-deficient diet (C- group; n = 8), or a carotenoid-deficient diet supplemented with 35 mg 3R,3'R-zeaxanthin per kilogram of food, (Z+ group; n = 8) [8].
• CONCLUSIONS: The moderate change in dietary habits, e.g., the consumption of 330 mL of carotenoid-rich vegetable juices caused significant changes in the plasma carotenoid concentrations, indicating a high bioavailability of carotenoids from these processed vegetable products [9].
• The specific importance of the particular representatives of the carotenoid antioxidants regarding skin defense mechanisms is of strong current interest [10].

High impact information on Carotenoid

• Lack of response to background colour in Pieris brassicae pupae reared on carotenoid-free diet [11].
• A total of 31 open reading frames that encode enzymes involved in bacteriochlorophyll/porphyrin biosynthesis, carotenoid biosynthesis, and photosynthetic electron transfer were identified in about 100 kilobase pairs of genomic sequence [12].
• Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein, a water-soluble light-harvesting complex that has a blue-green absorbing carotenoid as its main pigment, is present in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates [13].
• The chloroplasts of most dinoflagellates are unusual in that they are surrounded by three membranes and contain the carotenoid peridinin [14].
• This work also provides an explanation for the seemingly anomalous dependence of carotenoid band shifts on transmembrane potential and a generally useful approach for calibrating electric field-sensitive dyes that are widely used to probe potentials in biological systems [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Carotenoid

• One of the new pathways generates the cyclic carotenoid torulene, for the first time, in E. coli [16].
• Beta-carotene is a naturally occurring, nontoxic carotenoid with biologic properties that suggest that it might be efficacious against oral leukoplakia [17].
• Glucose-induced expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in the dark is mediated by cytosolic ph in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 [18].
• The expression of carotenoid biosynthesis genes coding for phytoene synthase (crtB), phytoene desaturase (crtP), zeta-carotene desaturase (crtQ), and beta-carotene hydroxylase (crtR) is dependent upon light in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Synechocystis) [18].
• Resonance Raman scattering by the carotenoid, spirilloxanthin (Spx), in a suspension of chromatophores (cytoplasmic side out) isolated from the photosynthetic bacterium, Rhodospirillum rubrum, is greatly enhanced when the membranes are adsorbed onto the surface of an anodized Ag electrode [19].

Biological context of Carotenoid

• By screening the Car phenotype of a large collection of transposon-induced mutants, we have identified a new car locus that has been named carD (carD1 for the mutant allele) [2].
• Conversely, heterologous expression of the S. aureus carotenoid in the nonpigmented Streptococcus pyogenes confers enhanced oxidant and neutrophil resistance and increased animal virulence [4].
• The cell-cycle kinetics of pigment assembly at the subcellular level mirror the kinetics of pigment synthesis at the cellular level, indicating that pigment synthesis not only provides chlorophyll and carotenoid for thylakoid biogenesis but may also serve as a critical rate-determinant to pigment assembly [20].
• Highest synthesis and assembly rates are confined to the photoperiod (mid-to-late G1) and support chlorophyll and carotenoid accretion before M-phase [20].
• Synthesis of the chlorophyll and the major carotenoid pigments and their assembly into thylakoid membrane have been studied throughout the 12-h light/12-h dark vegetative cell cycle of synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii 137+ (wild-type) [20].

Anatomical context of Carotenoid

• Canthaxanthin is a synthetic, non-provitamin A carotenoid that is highly lipid-soluble; it colors the skin by deposition in the epidermis and subcutaneous fat [21].
• Compared with the wild-type (WT) bacterium, a S. aureus mutant with disrupted carotenoid biosynthesis is more susceptible to oxidant killing, has impaired neutrophil survival, and is less pathogenic in a mouse subcutaneous abscess model [4].
• Fibril assembly and carotenoid overaccumulation in chromoplasts: a model for supramolecular lipoprotein structures [22].
• At a lower bacterial inoculum, cylE also contributed to enhanced survival within phagocytes that was attributed to the ability of carotenoid to shield GBS from oxidative damage [23].
• Eyespots are assembled from all three chloroplast membranes and carotenoid-filled granules, which form a sandwich structure overlaid by the tightly apposed plasma membrane [24].

Associations of Carotenoid with other chemical compounds

• Serum levels of retinol (vitamin A), alpha- and beta-carotene (the major provitamin A), lycopene (a carotenoid), and alpha- and gamma-tocopherol were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography [25].
• To alter the carotenoid pathway in chromoplasts of higher plants, the cDNA of the gene CrtO from the alga Haematococcus pluvialis, encoding beta-carotene ketolase, was transferred to tobacco under the regulation of the tomato Pds (phytoene desaturase) promoter [26].
• The Ps1 gene is predicted to encode lycopene beta-cyclase and is necessary for the accumulation of both abscisic acid and the carotenoid zeaxanthin in mature maize embryos [27].
• Because tocopherol-deficient mutants in the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus can synthesize carotenoids, our findings demonstrate conclusively that plastoquinone is an essential component in carotenoid synthesis [28].
• We have demonstrated that carotenoid desaturation in plants requires a third distinct enzyme activity, the carotenoid isomerase (CRTISO), which, unlike phytoene and zeta-carotene desaturases, apparently arose from a progenitor bacterial desaturase [29].

Gene context of Carotenoid

• Opsin expression is extremely suppressed by carotenoid deprivation in Drosophila [30].
• RPE65 is proposed to be a substrate chaperone but may have an enzymatic role because it is closely related to carotenoid oxygenases [31].
• To determine the biochemical function of AtCCD7, the protein was expressed in carotenoid-accumulating strains of Escherichia coli [32].
• (3R,3'S-meso)-Zeaxanthin, an optically inactive nondietary xanthophyll carotenoid present in the human macula, exhibited a strong induced CD spectrum in association with human macular XBP that was nearly identical to the CD spectrum induced by GSTP1 [33].
• The carotenoid-bladder cancer association was not affected by the GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1 genotypes [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Carotenoid

• Both raw and cooked samples of green, leafy vegetables and yellow or orange vegetables were quantitatively examined by high-performance liquid chromatography for individual carotenoid content [35].
• We examined the carotenoid content of selected foods consistently found to be associated with a lower risk for various epithelial cancers in epidemiologic studies [35].
• Molecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways [16].
• Molecular cloning and expression in photosynthetic bacteria of a soybean cDNA coding for phytoene desaturase, an enzyme of the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway [36].
• The integrated DNA microarray and proteomic data reveal the coordinated coregulation of several interconnected biochemical pathways for phototrophy: isoprenoid synthesis, carotenoid synthesis, and bacteriorhodopsin assembly [37].

References