Disease relevance of Arc

• Morphine activates Arc expression in the mouse striatum and in mouse neuroblastoma Neuro2A MOR1A cells expressing mu-opioid receptors [1].

High impact information on Arc

• The addition of reelin (2-40 pM) to SNSs enhances the incorporation of [(35)S]methionine into Arc and other rapidly translated proteins in a concentration-dependent manner [2].
• We conclude that reelin binds with high affinity to integrin receptors expressed in SNSs and thereby activates Arc protein synthesis [2].
• A reelin-integrin receptor interaction regulates Arc mRNA translation in synaptoneurosomes [2].
• Consistent with these behavioral findings, we found that cocaine regulation of gene expression in striatum, including the acute induction of the immediate early genes c-fos and arc (activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated gene), was abolished in DARPP-32 Thr-34 mutants, but not in Thr-75 mutants [3].
• Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) is an effector immediate early gene product implicated in long-term potentiation and other forms of neuroplasticity [1].

Biological context of Arc

• Activity-regulated, cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) was first identified as an immediate-early gene regulated by synaptic activity [4].
• These findings demonstrate that Arc function is essential for early embryo development and patterning in mice, and support the hypothesis that signaling from visceral endoderm is essential for normal patterning of the extraembryonic and embryonic structure [4].
• These findings indicate that Arc is an activity-regulated cytoskeletal gene possibly involved in the light-induced phase-shift of the circadian rhythm [5].
• It is postulated that Arc protein has a role in the neuronal plasticity of the AOB after mating [6].
• Activity-induced expression of Arc is necessary for maintenance of long-term potentiation and for memory consolidation [7].

Anatomical context of Arc

• The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated (Arc) gene is a new light-inducible early gene in the mouse suprachiasmatic nucleus [5].
• In addition, electron microscopic observation revealed that Arc immunoreactivity was in the dendrites of the granule cells 1.5 h after mating [6].
• In the present study, the time course of Arc expression during the post-mating period was determined immunocytochemically, and the localization of Arc in the neurons in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) of female mice after mating was analyzed using immunocytochemical electron microscopy [6].
• The activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc), encoded by the immediate early gene arc, is enriched in the brain and is hypothesized to play a role in the activity-dependent neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus [6].
• Arc reductions in hAPP mice correlated with reductions in the actin-binding protein alpha-actinin-2, which is located in dendritic spines and, like Arc, fulfills important functions in excitatory synaptic activity [7].

Associations of Arc with chemical compounds

• Here, we address the question whether information processing is altered in these mice by analysis of the expression of c-fos and arg 3.1/arc in N-CAM-deficient mice after presentation of saccharin as novel or familiar and water as neutral gustatory stimulus [8].
• The Arc gene is an effector early immediate gene, regulated by 5-HT [9].
• To address the induction of Arc mRNA by A23187, we isolated the mouse Arc gene and found that it consists of three exons, with the first exon including the whole coding region [10].

Other interactions of Arc

• Arg3.1/Arc mRNA induction by Ca2+ and cAMP requires protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular regulated kinase activation [11].
• Accompanying the light-induced phase-shift, a variety of immediate-early genes appears in suprachiasmatic nucleus clock cells, and here, we report the expression of a new immediate-early gene Arc (activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated gene) in mice [5].
• Rapid induction of Arc is observed in the granule cell dendrites in the accessory olfactory bulb after mating [6].
• The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc) was investigated, as was the choroid plexus (ChP) in the case of the leptin receptor [12].
• CONCLUSION: Increased body length in adult obese A(y)/a mice may result from reduced Arc NPY and PeVN somatostatin mRNA expression, which in turn, may increase plasma IGFI concentrations and upregulate the somatotrophic axis [13].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Arc

• To test this hypothesis, brain activities were investigated after presentation of a novel, familiar, or neutral gustatory stimulus using metabolic mapping with ((14)C)-2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) and analysis of mRNA expression of the immediate early genes (IEGs) c-fos and arg 3.1/arc by in situ hybridization [14].
• In the present experiments, the influence of morphine on Arc expression was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription real-time PCR and Western blotting in vivo in the mouse striatum/nucleus accumbens and, in vitro, in the mouse Neuro2A MOR1A cell line, expressing mu-opioid receptor [1].

References