Disease relevance of Endoderm

• When embryonal carcinoma cells are induced to differentiate by treatment with retinoic acid, diffusion constants of C16dil are reduced to levels typical of endoderm [1].
• The amount of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit G alpha i2 decreases after the induction of F9 teratocarcinoma cells to become primitive endoderm in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) [2].
• ISO stimulation of endoderm formation of F9 stem cells expressing the chimeric receptor was blocked by pertussis toxin and by oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to Galphao, Galphat2, and Gbeta2 [3].
• Stra13 is expressed in embryonic as well as adult tissues derived from neuroectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm and has been associated with response to hypoxia, suggesting a complex role for this protein and the highly related Sharp1/Dec2 protein in homeostatic regulation [4].
• In cells stimulated to differentiate into parietal endoderm by treatment with retinoic acid, the beta-interferon promoter responds to both inducers, but only Sendai virus can activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B previously thought to be essential for beta-interferon induction [5].

Psychiatry related information on Endoderm

• We report that ubiquitous end-1 expression during a critical period in embryogenesis causes all non-endodermal lineages to produce endoderm instead of ectoderm and/or mesoderm [6].

High impact information on Endoderm

• During embryogenesis, maternal determinants act in concert with TGF-beta signals to form mesoderm and endoderm [7].
• These experiments provide evidence that Ptf1a expression is specifically connected to the acquisition of pancreatic fate by undifferentiated foregut endoderm [8].
• Pancreas development begins with the formation of buds at specific sites in the embryonic foregut endoderm [8].
• Here we report that the gene Amn encodes a novel type I transmembrane protein that is expressed exclusively in the extra-embryonic visceral endoderm layer during gastrulation [9].
• The zebrafish EGF-CFC gene one-eyed pinhead (oep) is required zygotically for the formation of the ventral neuroectoderm, endoderm, and prechordal plate [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Endoderm

• The F9 murine embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell line, a well established model system for the study of retinoic acid (RA)-induced differentiation, differentiates into cells resembling three types of extra-embryonic endoderm (primitive, parietal and visceral), depending on the culture conditions and RA concentration used [11].
• We have shown that c-myc mRNA levels decrease more than 20-fold when F9 teratocarcinoma stem cells are induced to arrest growth and terminally differentiate to parietal endoderm after exposure to retinoic acid and cyclic AMP (Campisi et al., Cell 36:241-247, 1984) [12].
• F9 embryonic teratocarcinoma stem cells differentiate into an epithelial cell type called extraembryonic endoderm when treated with retinoic acid (RA), a derivative of retinol (vitamin A) [13].
• Combined treatment of teratocarcinoma F9 cells with retinoic acid and dibutyryl-cAMP induces the differentiation into cells with a phenotype resembling parietal endoderm [14].
• A new glycoprotein antigen common to teratocarcinoma, visceral endoderm, and renal tubular brush border [15].

Biological context of Endoderm

• Plasminogen activator in early embryogenesis: enzyme production by trophoblast and parietal endoderm [16].
• HNF-3 beta is not required for the development of definitive endoderm cells, but foregut morphogenesis is severely affected in HNF-3 beta -/- embryos [17].
• wingless and decapentaplegic signal during endoderm induction in Drosophila to regulate expression of the homeotic gene Ultrabithorax [18].
• These experiments, as well as the effects of the mRNAs on embryo phenotypes, suggest that the Xsox17 genes mediate an activin-induced endoderm differentiation pathway in animal caps and are involved in normal endoderm differentiation in embryos [19].
• Thus, despite the similarity in single active X chromosome expression in yolk sac endoderm and somatic tissues, there appears to be a difference at the level of DNA modification between these two tissues [20].

Anatomical context of Endoderm

• The endoderm of the visceral yolk sac was shown to be synthesizing primarily type I collagen, while the mesoderm layer of this membrane synthesized both type I and IV collagens [21].
• HNF-3 beta, a transcription factor of the winged-helix family, is expressed in embryonic and adult endoderm and also in midline cells of the node, notochord, and floor plate in mouse embryos [22].
• In female eutherian mammals preferential inactivation of the paternally derived X chromosome (XP) takes place in certain extra-embryonic tissues such as mouse yolk-sac endoderm, chorionic ectoderm and trophoblast and has been demonstrated both biochemically and cytologically [23].
• The expression of cerberus during gastrulation is activated by earlier nodal-related signals in endoderm and by Spemann-organizer factors that repress signalling by BMP and Wnt [24].
• In the mouse, Fgf8 is also expressed in endoderm as well as in other germ layers in the periotic placode region [25].

Associations of Endoderm with chemical compounds

• The cell type generated by retinoic acid and dibutyryl cAMP treatment is therefore indistinguishable from definitive parietal endoderm [26].
• We present evidence that Pax8 is necessary for providing cues for the differentiation of competent endoderm primordia into thyroxin-producing follicular cells [27].
• The secretion of plasminogen activator and type IV collagen, and low levels of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase, have been previously shown to be properties of parietal endoderm, an extraembryonic cell which is generated early in mouse embryonesis [26].
• On exposure to retinoic acid the ECC line F9 (ref. 13) differentiates into cells which have the characteristics of parietal endoderm [28].
• Stimulation of mouse F9 clones expressing the chimera (beta2AR-Rfz1) with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol stimulated stabilization of beta-catenin, activation of a beta-catenin-sensitive promoter, and formation of primitive endoderm [29].

Gene context of Endoderm

• Moreover, Nodal signals from the epiblast also pattern the visceral endoderm by activating the Smad2-dependent pathway required for specification of anterior identity in overlying epiblast cells [30].
• Functional intertwining of Dpp and EGFR signaling during Drosophila endoderm induction [31].
• Moreover, introducing a human Smad3 cDNA into the mouse Smad2 locus similarly rescues anterior-posterior patterning and definitive endoderm formation and results in adult viability [32].
• These results indicate that Smad4 is initially required for the differentiation of the visceral endoderm and that the gastrulation defect in the epiblast is secondary and non-cell autonomous [33].
• Expression of Cdx1 increased from 13.5 to 14.5 pc during the endoderm/epithelial transition with predominately distal expression [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Endoderm

• In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates evx1 gene expression within the visceral endoderm after implantation and prior to gastrulation, at a time in which the mutant phenotype is first detected [35].
• MC-39 bound to the endoderm of yolk sac in immunofluorescence studies [36].
• Transcriptional regulation in endoderm development: characterization of an enhancer controlling Hnf3g expression by transgenesis and targeted mutagenesis [37].
• Evidence from molecular cloning that SPARC, a major product of mouse embryo parietal endoderm, is related to an endothelial cell 'culture shock' glycoprotein of Mr 43,000 [38].
• Immunocytochemistry identified P450c17 in embryonic endoderm in E7 wild-type and heterozygous embryos, but its function in these cells is unknown [39].

References