Disease relevance of Choroid

• Supplementary creatine as a treatment for gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina [1].
• Tumors from 31 children--20 with choroid plexus neoplasms and 11 with ependymomas--were evaluated for the presence of polyomavirus T-antigen gene sequences by means of amplification with the polymerase chain reaction [2].
• Moreover, significant differences were observed between the agrin mRNA profiles of ciliary and choroid neurons in the ganglion [3].
• Choroideremia (CHM) is an X-linked degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), photoreceptors, and choroid, caused by loss of function of the CHM/REP1 gene [4].
• Correction of ornithine accumulation prevents retinal degeneration in a mouse model of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina [5].

Psychiatry related information on Choroid

• Alternatively, binding of OB protein to a specific receptor in the choroid plexus may activate afferent neural inputs to the neural network that regulates feeding behavior and energy balance or may result in the clearance or degradation of OB protein [6].
• We present a sibship with a rare syndrome characterized by mental retardation, dense calcification of the lateral ventricular choroid plexus, and increased CSF protein [7].
• Increase in vasopressin binding sites in the human choroid plexus in Alzheimer's disease [8].
• In the placebo group, cocaine increased the locomotor activity and cerebellar and cardiac blood flow (31 +/- 36 and 72 +/- 66%), but decreased choroid plexus and renal blood flow (47 +/- 23 and 18 +/- 19%) [9].

High impact information on Choroid

• Atrial natriuretic peptide neurons probably also alter fluid movement in the choroid plexus and in other brain vascular beds [10].
• Gyrate atrophy of choroid and retina: deficient activity of ornithine ketoacid aminotransferase in cultured skin fibroblasts [11].
• RPE or choroidal endothelial production of Ccl-2 induced by complement C5a and IgG may mediate choroidal macrophage infiltration into aged wild-type choroids [12].
• A leptin receptor was recently cloned from choroid plexus and shown to map to the same 6-cM interval on mouse chromosome 4 as db [13].
• Adult liver, however, transcribes IGF2 from promoter P1, and it has been suggested that the recruitment of P1 may be responsible for the absence of imprinting in human liver, and in choroid plexus and leptomeninges [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Choroid

• Pyridoxine effects on ornithine ketoacid transaminase activity in fibroblasts from carriers of two forms of gyrate atrophy of the choroid and retina [15].
• Mice which were treated with diazepam and sacrificed 8, 9, and 10 days after intracerebral inoculation with LCM virus showed an increasing amount of inflammatory infiltration into choroid plexuses, leptomeninges, Virchow-Robin spaces, and ependyma [16].
• We have examined the somatostatin-mediated modulation of acetylcholine release from intact chick embryo choroid tissue and compared these data with those obtained using acutely dissociated neuronal cell bodies from the chick ciliary ganglion [17].
• In the present study, the influence of nicotine on the severity of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in a mouse model of neovascular AMD and its effects on vascular smooth muscle cells derived from mouse choroid were investigated [18].
• Choroidal melanocytes from the choroid of eyes enucleated for the presence of malignant melanoma were cultured in MCDB 153 medium supplemented with insulin, transferrin, hydrocortisone, glutamine, nystatin, vitamin E, phorbol myristate acetate, bovine hypothalamic extract, cholera toxin, and chelexed fetal calf serum [19].

Biological context of Choroid

• To determine which regions of the original constructs are important for this tumorigenesis, we have now tested several derivatives and report here that the large-T antigen is sufficient, that the MT fusion gene is dispensable and that the SV40 enhancer (72-base-pair repeat region) has an important role in directing tumours to the choroid plexus [20].
• Except for the choroid plexus and the cerebellum, the close similarity observed in numerous rat brain areas between the distribution of enkephalinase and that of mu and/or delta opioid binding sites could account for most of the pharmacological effects elicited by enkephalinase inhibitors [21].
• Intercellular adhesion molecule 1, but not vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 or mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule 1, was expressed in choroid plexus and subarachnoid space vessels [22].
• The fused gene is expressed highly in ependymal cells and the choroid plexus, tissues involved in the production and circulation of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), suggesting that loss of mFu disrupts CSF homeostasis [23].
• The mottled gene is expressed in all tissues throughout embryogenesis and is particularly strong in the choroid plexuses of the brain [24].

Anatomical context of Choroid

• Choroideraemia (tapetochoroidal dystrophy, TCD), a common form of X-linked blindness, is characterized by progressive dystrophy of the choroid, retinal pigment epithelium and retina [25].
• SV40 large-T antigen protein and messenger RNA are always present in affected tissues at much greater concentrations than in unaffected tissues, suggesting that SV40 early-region genes are preferentially activated in choroid plexus, thymus and kidney and that this activation frequently leads to tumorigenesis in the choroid plexus [20].
• Biochemical evidence supporting the sympathetic control of cerebrospinal fluid production has been obtained through identification of a specific beta-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the choroid plexus [26].
• GH receptors in the hypothalamus are likely to be involved in the regulatory mechanism for hormone secretion and those located in the choroid plexus have been suggested to have a role in the receptor-mediated transport of GH across the BBB [27].
• Progressing dorsoventrally, Lmx1a and Gdf7 expression identifies the primordium for hindbrain choroid plexus epithelial cells; Math1, for mossy fiber neurons; and immediately ventral to Math1 yet within Wnt1(+) territory, a climbing fiber primordium dominated by Ngn1-expressing cells [28].

Associations of Choroid with chemical compounds

• Folate transport by the choroid plexus in vitro [29].
• Beta-adrenergic-sensitive adenylate cyclase in secretory cells of choroid plexus [26].
• The activity of Na+, K+-activated adenosinetriphosphatase and the uptake of a potassium analog, rubidium, were found to be similar in cerebral microvessels and choroid plexus when measured in vitro [30].
• The accumulation of leukotriene C4 in the choroid plexus was not dependent on tissue binding or metabolism of leukotriene C4 [31].
• Vitamin B6 appears useful in treating choroid disorder [32].

Gene context of Choroid

• Thus, Slit2, which is expressed by the choroid plexus and the septum, acts as a chemorepulsive factor for neuronal migration [33].
• DRP is enriched in the choroid plexus, pia mater, intracerebral vasculature, and ependymal lining [34].
• Choroid plexus epithelial expression of MDR1 P glycoprotein and multidrug resistance-associated protein contribute to the blood-cerebrospinal-fluid drug-permeability barrier [35].
• AQP1 is restricted to the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles, which raises a role for this aquaporin in cerebrospinal fluid formation [36].
• The insulin-like growth factor 2 gene (Igf2) is imprinted in most somatic tissues of the mouse with the exception of the choroid plexus and leptomeninges of the brain, where it is expressed from both alleles [37].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Choroid

• In situ hybridization of rat brain sections demonstrated that Kir7.1 mRNA was absent from neurons and glia but strongly expressed in the secretory epithelial cells of the choroid plexus (as confirmed by in situ patch-clamp measurements) [38].
• Although dihydrofolate reductase was present in choroid plexus, the binder was distinct from dihydrofolate reductase as judged by gel filtration and methotrexate sensitivity [39].
• In contrast, expression of meningeal and choroid plexus-associated P selectin was upregulated 2 h after adoptive transfer, but not at 48 h [40].
• Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a 28-amino acid neuropeptide present in the retina and in the choroid, has been shown to promote the growth and differentiation of a variety of cells in tissue and organ cultures [41].
• Rat IgG and C3 and BSA were demonstrated in the experimental rats by direct immunofluorescence in glomeruli, ciliary process and choroid plexus of 85, 38 and 39 percent of animals respectively [42].

References