Disease relevance of Arcuate Nucleus

• NPY and alphaMSH are expressed in distinct neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, where alphaMSH decreases and NPY increases food intake and body weight [1].
• Finally, we found no evidence that HRT, in doses designed to mimic currently prescribed regimens, produces signs of estrogen toxicity in the primate infundibular nucleus [2].
• Binding in the arcuate nucleus, a part of the medullary 5-HT system along the ventral surface, in the SIDS infants (mean age-adjusted binding 7.1 +/- 0.8 fmol/mg tissue, n = 23) was significantly lower than in controls (mean age-adjusted binding 13.1 +/- 1.6 fmol/mg tissue, n = 5) (p = 0.003) [3].
• Increased melanin concentrating hormone receptor type I in the human hypothalamic infundibular nucleus in cachexia [4].
• In all cases except one (a corticotroph adenoma) the average number of GHRH transcripts exceeded that found in the arcuate nucleus of simultaneously hybridized rat brain sections [5].

Psychiatry related information on Arcuate Nucleus

• Thus it is evident that centrally acting GLP-1 modulates feeding and drinking behavior via neurones sensitive to MSG lesioning in the arcuate nucleus and circumventricular organs, respectively [6].
• The expression of estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and -beta in the infundibular nucleus of the hypothalamus was studied immunocytochemically in 28 control subjects and 14 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) [7].
• Agrp expression in the brain is restricted to neurons within the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus, and expression levels are elevated as a consequence of food deprivation [8].
• Specific inhibition of endogenous neuropeptide Y synthesis in arcuate nucleus by antisense oligonucleotides suppresses feeding behavior and insulin secretion [9].
• The number of cells expressing SRIF was elevated in the arcuate nucleus after 24 h of REM sleep deprivation but not after 72 h [10].

High impact information on Arcuate Nucleus

• Peripheral administration of PYY(3-36) increases c-Fos immunoreactivity in the arcuate nucleus and decreases hypothalamic Npy messenger RNA [11].
• Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus [12].
• Such neurones are found mainly in the arcuate nucleus in human and monkey hypothalamus, suggesting that this nucleus is a primary source of GRF [13].
• We present here the results which show that GRF-producing neurones are located mainly in the arcuate nucleus of rats [13].
• The virus was injected into the arcuate nucleus of mice that express Cre only in those neurons that express neuropeptide Y or the leptin receptor [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Arcuate Nucleus

• Short-day weight loss was accompanied by reduced POMC and leptin receptor (OB-Rb) mRNA in the arcuate nucleus but elevated cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript [15].
• There is hypertrophy of neurons expressing substance P and neurokinin B gene transcripts in the infundibular (arcuate) nucleus, accompanied by increased tachykinin gene expression [16].
• The effects of NMDA antagonist MK-801 and the AMPA antagonist NBQX were studied on glutamate toxicity in the arcuate nucleus of newborn and adult mice [17].
• Synaptic number and synapses/neuronal cell membrane were evaluated from ultrastructural micrographs of the arcuate nucleus from 90-, 120-, 180-, and 240-day female rats grouped into ovary-intact or ovariectomized animals treated with peanut oil vehicle or estradiol benzoate (10 microg/100 g body weight) for 3 days [18].
• Moreover, hamsters bearing neurotoxic lesions, which destroy the majority of POMC expressing neurons in the arcuate nucleus are still able to show seasonal regulation of body weight [19].

Biological context of Arcuate Nucleus

• Here, we present results of a study using a novel GHSR-null mouse model, in which ghrelin administration fails to acutely stimulate food intake or activate arcuate nucleus neurons [20].
• The gsh-1 gene is shown to be essential for growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [21].
• Within the arcuate nucleus, muscimol treatment increased the phosphorylation of CREB in both females and males [22].
• We examined the effects of peptides of the neuropeptide Y (NPY)/pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family on synaptic transmission in the arcuate nucleus in rat hypothalamic slices [23].
• Quantification of the in situ hybridization signal in the arcuate nucleus revealed an approximate sevenfold increase in the expression of huntingtin mRNA in postpartum, lactating animals compared with naive female or male animals [24].

Anatomical context of Arcuate Nucleus

• In addition, context-specific synthesis of NT occurs in hypothalamic neurosecretory cells located in the arcuate nucleus and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus, including distinct subsets of cells which release DA, CRH, or growth hormone-releasing hormone into the hypophysial portal circulation [25].
• In contrast, AMPA receptor (GluR1) immunoreactive levels in the magnocellular preoptic area (mPOA), the arcuate nucleus (ARC), and the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) were found to be markedly elevated during the time of the LH surge in estradiol-progesterone-treated castrate rats compared to those of the vehicle-only-treated castrate rat [26].
• We found that leptin activates neurons in the retrochiasmatic area (RCA) and lateral arcuate nucleus (Arc) that innervate the thoracic spinal cord and also contain cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) [27].
• Corticotropin (ACTH) and melanotropin (MSH) peptides (melanocortins) are produced not only in the pituitary but also in the brain, with highest concentrations in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and the commisural nucleus of the solitary tract [28].
• Intermediate levels were found in the olfactory bulb, pontine nuclei, inferior colliculi, arcuate nucleus, and pineal gland [29].

Associations of Arcuate Nucleus with chemical compounds

• Thus, AT1A receptors in the dorsal arcuate nucleus and AT1B receptors in the anterior pituitary are regulated inversely by estrogen/progesterone treatment, supporting the hypothesis of a dual role for brain and pituitary Ang II on prolactin release [30].
• Galanin receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate release in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [31].
• If related mechanisms exist in peptide modulation of inhibitory GABA activity in mature neurons, this could underlie long-term changes in the behavior of neurons of the SCN necessary for phase-shifting the circadian clock by NPY, NPY also modulated GABA responses in neuroendocrine neurons from the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus [32].
• These results support the hypothesis that central Ang II inhibits pituitary prolactin release indirectly via modulation of dopaminergic activity in the arcuate nucleus [30].
• Angiotensin II AT1A receptor mRNA expression is induced by estrogen-progesterone in dopaminergic neurons of the female rat arcuate nucleus [30].

Gene context of Arcuate Nucleus

• Systemic administration of CNTF or leptin led to rapid induction of the tis-11 primary response gene in the arcuate nucleus, suggesting that both cytokines can signal to hypothalamic satiety centers [33].
• This melanocortin receptor (MC3-R) is found in neurons of the arcuate nucleus known to express proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and in a subset of the nuclei to which these neurons send projections [28].
• After a 2-day fast, the number of arcuate nucleus neurons with NPY mRNA increased 50% (P < 0.05); the number of these that coexpressed Ob-Rb increased twofold (P = 0.013) [34].
• In wild-type mice (n = 12), fasting for 48 h lowered POMC mRNA levels in the rostral arcuate nucleus by 53%, relative to values in fed controls (n = 8; P < 0.001) [35].
• CNTF and LPS induced gene expression in circumventricular organs; ependymal cells of the ventricles, meninges, and choroid plexus; and the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Arcuate Nucleus

• AGRP mRNA-expressing cells were limited to the arcuate nucleus, representing a major subpopulation (95%) of the NPY neurons, which also was confirmed with immunohistochemistry [37].
• Serotonin mediated inhibition of episodic luteinizing hormone release during electrical stimulation of the arcuate nucleus in ovariectomized rats [38].
• With the use of monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) treatment and ovariectomy, we studied how the arcuate nucleus and ovary are involved in the maturation of GH, PRL, and nongranulated cells in the anterior pituitary lobe during postnatal development [39].
• We report that after castration of the male macaque (Macaca fascicularis), cellular POMC messenger RNA levels decline significantly (P less than 0.05) in neurons within the arcuate nucleus and that this decline is prevented by replacement with physiological doses of testosterone [40].
• Roles of the arcuate nucleus and ovary in the maturation of growth hormone, prolactin, and nongranulated cells in the mouse adenohypophysis during postnatal development: a stereological morphometric study by electron microscopy [39].

References