High impact information on GRIN2D

• Northern blotting and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) studies identified expression of NMDAR1 and NMDAR2D type subunit mRNA in rat marrow, human megakaryocytes, and MEG-01 clonal megakaryoblastic cells [1].
• Enhanced expression of GluR 3, 4, and 6 and NR2B and 2C subunit mRNAs was noted in the dysplastic neurons, whereas only the NR2D mRNA was upregulated in giant cells [2].
• Taken together, the data in this report provide the first evidence for a novel inhibitory interaction between the NR2D subunit of the NMDA receptor and the Abl tyrosine kinase [3].
• Interaction of the N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor NR2D subunit with the c-Abl tyrosine kinase [3].
• To determine whether the proline-rich region of the NR2D subunit interacts with specific SH3 domains, in vitro SH3 domain binding assays were performed [3].

Biological context of GRIN2D

• 3. Memantine (0.3-30 microM) blocked L-glutamate (100 microM)-mediated currents in a concentration-dependent manner in NR1a/NR2A, NR1a/NR2B and NR1a/NR2D transfected cells with IC50 values (at -70 mV) of 0.93 +/- 0.15 microM, 0.82 +/- 0.12 microM and 0.47 +/- 0.06 microM (mean +/- s.c. mean), respectively [4].
• METHODS: We screened for polymorphisms in exons, exon-intron boundaries and the 5' upstream region of GRIN2D by direct sequencing in 32 Japanese patients [5].
• Identification of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2D gene, GRIN2D, and association study with schizophrenia [5].
• To determine whether the interaction of NR2D with the Abl SH3 domain alters Abl kinase activity, Abl was expressed alone or with NR2D in 293T cells [3].

Anatomical context of GRIN2D

• NR2D was expressed at highest levels in the thalamus, midbrain, medulla, and spinal cord, whereas intermediate levels of this subunit were found in the cortex and hippocampus [6].
• Both paralogs of the NR2D are expressed: 2D.1 is in the forebrain, retina, and spinal cord at 24 hpf, whereas the 2D.2 is only found in the retina [7].
• The human NMDAR2D subunit was cloned, and the pharmacological properties of receptors resulting from injection of transcripts encoding human NMDAR1A and NMDAR2D subunits in Xenopus oocytes were characterized by profiling NMDA receptor agonists and antagonists [8].
• Pyramidal cells in both hippocampus and neocortex express NR1, NR2A, NR2B, and, to a lesser extent, NR2D mRNA [9].
• NMDAR2D expression appears to be a property shared by interneurons in several regions of the brain [10].

Associations of GRIN2D with chemical compounds

• This study demonstrates the generation and characterization of an antibody selective for the NR2D NMDA receptor subunit as well as a determination of the distribution and ontogenic profile of this subunit in rat brain [6].
• While NR2A, NR2B and NR2D are known to be phosphorylated on tyrosine residues, the exact sites have remained unidentified [11].
• For both, NR2C and NR2D, no ethanol-related changes of mRNA expression were observed [12].
• Expression of NMDAR2D glutamate receptor subunit mRNA in neurochemically identified interneurons in the rat neostriatum, neocortex and hippocampus [10].
• Thus, we suggest that NR2D is one of the direct targets of estrogen receptors which are involved in reproductive as well as non-reproductive actions in the brain [13].

Co-localisations of GRIN2D

• NR2C immunoreactivity colocalized with NR2D in 13.1% of nodose neurons [14].

Regulatory relationships of GRIN2D

• NR2C mRNA was expressed at low levels in distinct layers that differed by region and the NR2D signal was equally moderate throughout all regions [9].

Other interactions of GRIN2D

• The results suggest that native NMDA receptors containing the NR2D subunit may have functional roles not only in the young brain but also in adult brain [6].
• Neurons in the molecular layer, i.e., basket cells and stellate cells, showed moderate hybridization signals for NMDAR1 and NMDAR2D and low signal for NMDAR2C [15].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GRIN2D

• The relative densities of the NR2D subunit in nine areas of postnatal day 7 and adult rat brains have been determined by quantitative immunoblotting [6].
• Co-immunoprecipitation of NR2D with Abl suggests stable association of NR2D and Abl in transfected cells [3].
• We have used a quantitative double-label in situ hybridization method to examine the expression of NMDAR2D mRNA in neurochemically defined populations of neurons [10].
• METHODS: The presence of NMDAR subtype 2B (NR2B) and subtype 2D (NR2D) was examined in skin tissues by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot [16].
• We focused on the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR2D gene in the case-control study of schizophrenia [5].

References