Disease relevance of rst

• The results suggest the possibility that the opa-like domain and the carboxyl terminus act in concert to modulate rst-irreC function in apoptosis, and we discuss this implication in the context of the general mechanisms causing glutamine-rich neurodegenerative diseases in humans [1].

High impact information on rst

• The irregular chiasm C-roughest locus of Drosophila, which affects axonal projections and programmed cell death, encodes a novel immunoglobulin-like protein [2].
• IrreC/rst-mediated cell sorting during Drosophila pupal eye development depends on proper localisation of DE-cadherin [3].
• rst and its paralogue kirre act redundantly during embryonic muscle development in Drosophila [4].
• Rst is strongly expressed in mesodermal tissues during embryogenesis, but rst null mutants display only subtle embryonic phenotypes [4].
• The D. virilis genome contains orthologues of both rst and kirre and hence the duplication took place before the split of the two lineages and has subsequently been conserved [5].

Biological context of rst

• In addition to showing evidence that rst(D) is a regulatory mutant, the results strongly suggest a previously unnoticed role of the rst gene in the differentiation of secondary/tertiary pigment cell fate as well as establishing the correct timing of surplus cell removal by programmed cell death in the compound eye [6].
• In order to understand the transcriptional regulation of rst expression we have identified rst cis regulatory sequences in an enhancer detection screen [7].
• Preferential adhesion mediated by Hibris and Roughest regulates morphogenesis and patterning in the Drosophila eye [8].
• In addition to the w and rst genes, the minichromosome may carry section 45C-45F from chromosome 2 [9].
• Mutagenesis of Sim consensus binding sites in the regulatory module required for rst expression in the embryonic midline, abolished rst expression; indicating that the regulation of rst by Sim is direct [10].

Anatomical context of rst

• The body wall muscles in the Drosophila larva arise from interactions between Duf/Kirre and Irregular chiasm C-roughest (IrreC-rst)-expressing founder myoblasts and sticks-and-stones (SNS)-expressing fusion competent myoblasts in the embryo [11].
• The expression of rst in the embryonic mesoderm is regulated by at least two separate modules [7].
• In the case of Sim, we could show that it regulates rst expression in the embryonic midline, but not in the optic lobes [10].
• IrreC-rst immunoreactivity in neuropils is increased after widespread expression of toxin [12].
• Irregular chiasm-C-roughest, a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, affects sense organ spacing on the Drosophila antenna by influencing the positioning of founder cells on the disc ectoderm [13].

Associations of rst with chemical compounds

• The roughest-irregular chiasm C ( rst-irreC) gene of Drosophila melanogaster encodes a transmembrane glycoprotein containing five immunoglobulin-like domains in its extracellular portion and an intracytoplasmic tail rich in serine and threonine as well some conserved motifs suggesting signal transduction activity [1].

Regulatory relationships of rst

• Furthermore, we showed that these factors and, in addition, Dmef2 are able to ectopically activate rst expression via the previously described rst cis-regulatory modules [10].

Other interactions of rst

• Herein, we demonstrate that SNS mediates heterotypic adhesion of S2 cells with Duf/Kirre and IrreC-rst-expressing S2 cells, and colocalizes with these proteins at points of cell contact [11].
• Primary pigment cells employ Hibris to function as organizers in this process; IPCs minimize contacts with neighboring IPCs and utilize Roughest to maximize contacts with primaries [8].
• For example, the developmental program of both systems entails cell death, which depends upon the irregular chiasm C-roughest gene, and both systems require the lozenge gene for normal pattern formation [14].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of rst

• By dissection of the identified rst cis regulatory sequences we identified several distinct rst regulatory modules [7].

References