Disease relevance of Neuropil

• Dopamine was found in clusters of cells in and the neuropil of the cerebral ganglia at a concentration of 62 pmol/ganglion; a large proportion of such dopamine-containing cells projected to the lips [1].
• These findings suggest that the MAPT P301S mutation can cause pathologically subcortical-predominant, neuropil thread-rich, tau-containing lesions, which could result in consistent parkinsonism [2].
• In both scrapie models immunoreactive ubiquitin-protein conjugates were seen in thread-like structures found throughout the neuropil, in inclusion bodies within vacuolated neurones, and in areas surrounding anti-PrP positive amyloid plaques [3].
• Immunohistochemistry using antibodies to the glycosaminoglycan (GAG)-alpha attachment domain of versican (present in V0 and V2) revealed decreased staining of most glioma ECMs compared to normal neuropil, while some abnormal tumor vessels, but not normal cerebral vessels, were GAG-alpha-positive [4].
• Alzheimer disease (AD) and Down syndrome (DS) brains contain deposits of amyloid-beta peptide that are located extracellularly in the neuropil and in blood vessels walls [5].

Psychiatry related information on Neuropil

• Abeta associated neuropil changes: correlation with neuronal loss and dementia [6].
• Apolipoprotein D (apoD) is elevated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) cortex, localizing to cells, blood vessels, and neuropil deposits (plaques) [7].
• Compartmental loss of NADPH diaphorase in the neuropil of the human striatum in Huntington's disease [8].
• They also stained, in the same manner, Pick bodies in Pick's disease, and neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads in various tangle-forming neurologic diseases [9].

High impact information on Neuropil

• The application of an antagonist of ionotropic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors to the first olfactory relay neuropil selectively blocked the fast inhibitory synapse between local and projection neurons [10].
• Autoradiograms prepared from adult rat brains demonstrate that nerve cells and neuropil in different brain regions selectively concentrate and retain intravenously administered triiodothyronine, by mechanisms susceptible to saturation with excess triiodothyronine [11].
• We used patch-clamp recordings, electron microscopic immunogold localization of AMPARs, partial three-dimensional reconstruction of the neuropil and numerical simulations of glutamate diffusion and AMPAR activation to examine the factors underlying the developmental speeding of miniature EPSCs in mouse cerebellar granule cells [12].
• Neurofibrillary tangle-bearing neurons and neuropil threads contained NOS2 in brains from each of 11 AD patients ranging in age from 47 to 81 years [13].
• The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase encoded by the Drosophila dunce gene is concentrated in the mushroom body neuropil [14].

Chemical compound and disease context of Neuropil

• Dorsal root ganglion cells showed the lowest 2-deoxyglucose 6-phosphate formation rate, but their GUR was slightly higher than that of neuropil because of their markedly large DV of glucose, thus demonstrating that the abundant glucose supply supports the neuronal function [15].
• Upon cuprizone treatment, mice developed a pronounced astrocytosis, with brain oedema and spongiosis characterised by vacuolisations of the neuropil predominantly in the white matter [16].
• In the stomatogastric ganglion (STG) of the adult H. americanus and H. gammarus, all of the serotonin-like and allatostatin-like immunoreactivity colocalizes in neuropil processes that are derived exclusively from ramifications of the GPR neurons [17].
• Two and four days after kainate injection, numerous dying axons displaying typical signs of Wallerian degeneration were observed in a neuropile characterized by the loss of neuronal somata and dendrites, an increase in number of microglia/macrophages and the disappearance of astrocytes [18].
• Proctolin-like immunoreactivity was present in numerous cell bodies and neuropil of the paired commissural ganglia and in the neuropil of the stomatogastric ganglion [19].

Biological context of Neuropil

• Injection of antisense cct3 morpholino oligonucleotides into zebrafish embryos induced characteristic ntn phenotypes including defects in retinal ganglion cell (RGC) differentiation and tectal neuropil formation [20].
• Striatal benzodiazepine binding site expression was unchanged, indicating preserved intrinsic striatal neuropil [21].
• Here we estimate the spatiotemporal profile of glutamate in the extrasynaptic space after vesicle exocytosis, guided by detailed ultrastructural measurements of the CA1 neuropil in the adult rat [22].
• Thus our findings lend support to the idea that high levels of NMDA receptor function are associated with the potential for structural rearrangement in CNS neuropil and that the functional downregulation of this molecule results, at least partially, from changes in its subunit composition [23].
• Decreasing glutamate buffering capacity triggers oxidative stress and neuropil degeneration in the Drosophila brain [24].

Anatomical context of Neuropil

• Quantitative analysis of electron microscope autoradiographs demonstrated that [1,2-3H]cholesterol is limited to blood vessel walls and lumen within the central nervous system at 2 h and 6 wk postinjection, but neurons and neuropil also contain the labeled cholesterol [25].
• Additionally, both 17beta-estradiol and testosterone treatment increased N-cadherin immunoreactivity in the neuropil of the stratum lacunosum-moleculare, which includes apical dendrites from pyramidal cells [26].
• In addition, disorganization of the neuropil in the CA2/3 region of the hippocampus ipsilateral to the transplant was revealed by staining with an antibody to the carboxyl-terminal end of the amyloid protein precursor [27].
• There was no difference in the density of AQP4 on the astrocyte membrane facing the neuropil [28].
• In Alzheimer disease, paired helical filaments accumulate in the neuron, and amyloid fibers are found in the extracellular space in the neuropil and brain vessels [29].

Associations of Neuropil with chemical compounds

• Furthermore, most labeled spines did not receive synapses with dopaminergic features, suggesting that many D1 receptors are at extrasynaptic sites, possibly receiving dopamine via diffusion in the neuropil [30].
• Odorants evoked patterns of discrete Ca(2+) signals throughout the neuropil of a glomerulus [31].
• We also show that oral treatment of caged bees with pilocarpine, a muscarinic agonist, induced an increase in the volume of the neuropil similar to that seen after a week of foraging experience [32].
• Colloidal gold staining under the electron microscope was associated with 80- to 100-nm vesicles of average electron density, widely dispersed in the neuropil, with usually one and no more than four vesicles in individual sectioned neuronal processes [33].
• After injections of estradiol benzoate or oil vehicle to the hosts for 20 successive days, the grafts were processed for semiquantitative electron microscopic study to examine synaptic density in the neuropil [34].

Gene context of Neuropil

• Mutations of ey completely disrupted the MB neuropils, and a null mutation of dac resulted in marked disruption and aberrant axonal projections [35].
• By IF, Cx36 labeling was widely distributed in neuropil, including along dendritic processes and within neuronal somata [36].
• Abeta deposition is associated with neuropil changes, but not with overt neuronal loss in the human amyloid precursor protein V717F (PDAPP) transgenic mouse [37].
• Immunocytochemical studies of mouse brain reveal that PS1 protein accumulates in a variety of neuronal populations with enrichment in somatodendritic and neuropil compartments [38].
• In contrast, when delivered intraseptally, the same dose of BDNF exhibited a widespread diffusion within the surrounding neuropil and retrograde labeling of neurons in the medial septum and the vertical limb of the diagonal band [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Neuropil

• Light microscopic immunocytochemistry reveals presenilin-1 staining in all brain regions, with the strongest labeling in neurons and neuropil [40].
• Long-term hormone treatment, achieved by implanting males with testosterone capsules at the time of gonadectomy, prevented the decline in soma labeling in all motor pools and partially prevented the decline in neuropil label caused by castration [41].
• Methylene blue was administered by perfusion to the intact brain of three rhesus macaques thereby staining the neuropil in the cortex and gray nuclei of the brain in situ [42].
• Measurement of the extracellular concentration of ascorbate in animals, mainly by the technique of voltammetry in vivo, has demonstrated fluctuation in release from neuropil, both spontaneously and in response to physical stimulation of the animal and to certain drugs [43].
• 1. Chloride-sensitive double-barrelled microelectrodes were used to measure the intracellular Cl- activity (aicl) and membrane potential (Em) in neuropile glial cells of the leech, Hirudo medicinalis [44].

References