Disease relevance of set1

• Staphylococcal exotoxin superantigens induce human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in naturally infected CD4+ T cells [1].
• A previous whole-genome DNA microarray study identified variation at a large chromosomal region (RD13) of Staphylococcus aureus which encodes a family of proteins with homology to staphylococcal and streptococcal superantigens, designated staphylococcal exotoxin-like (SET) proteins [2].
• Menstrually associated toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is attributed primarily to the effects of staphylococcal exotoxin toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) [3].
• Chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps: staphylococcal exotoxin immunoglobulin E and cellular inflammation [4].
• Allogenic modification of rat sarcoma cells in vitro by staphylococcal exotoxin [5].

High impact information on set1

• Western blotting and DNA sequencing data confirm that the protein is a unique staphylococcal exotoxin, yet shares significant sequence homology with known staphylococcal enterotoxins, especially the SEA, SED, and SEE toxins [6].
• OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether the staphylococcal exotoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), could stimulate prosurvival cytokine production in monocytes and thereby inhibit apoptosis [7].
• Genome diversification in Staphylococcus aureus: Molecular evolution of a highly variable chromosomal region encoding the Staphylococcal exotoxin-like family of proteins [2].
• Designated the staphylococcal exotoxin-like genes 1 to 5 (set1 to set5), these open reading frames have between 38 and 53% homology to each other [8].
• Identification of a novel gene cluster encoding staphylococcal exotoxin-like proteins: characterization of the prototypic gene and its protein product, SET1 [8].

Biological context of set1

• Two cases are reported of acquired subglottic stenosis following bacterial infection of the trachea, suggesting an association with the staphylococcal exotoxin, epidermal cell differentiation inhibitor (EDIN) [9].

Anatomical context of set1

• The round window membrane following application of staphylococcal exotoxin: an electron microscopic study [10].
• To determine the role of the round window membrane in this passage, chinchillas were given intrabullar inoculations with staphylococcal exotoxin and the round window membranes were examined electron microscopically [10].
• These new cell lines were not spontaneously cytotoxic and were only capable of modest killing of F5b tumor cells when stimulated with LPS and interferon-gamma, but not when stimulated with LPS alone or with staphylococcal exotoxin [11].
• A trend toward increased eosinophil counts in patients with SE IgE (SE IgE+) was present, but not statistically significant [4].

Associations of set1 with chemical compounds

• Therefore, we perfused isolated rat hearts with low doses of alpha-toxin, the major staphylococcal exotoxin, followed by application of human PMN, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine, and arachidonic acid [12].
• RESULTS: Staphylococcal exotoxin (SE)-specific IgE was found in the serum of 5/10 (50%) of the patients with CS/NP [4].

Other interactions of set1

• PCR assays, employing MR1-MR2 primers (primer set 1) and MR3-MR4 primers (primer set 2) to generate 154 and 533 bp fragment, respectively, are most widely used for amplification of mecA gene [13].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of set1

• PCR analysis revealed that set1 was distributed among other strains of S. aureus but not in the other staphylococcal species examined [8].
• Sequence analysis of the set1 genes from different strains revealed at least three allelic variants [8].
• MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Clinical infections associated with either community-associated or health care-associated MRSA, microbiological characteristics of the MRSA isolates including susceptibility testing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and staphylococcal exotoxin gene testing [14].

References