Disease relevance of Chinchilla

• Here we show that in capsule-deficient (nontypeable) strains, sialic acid, a terminal residue of the core sugars of H. influenzae lipopolysaccharide (LPS), is a critical virulence factor in the pathogenesis of experimental otitis media in chinchillas [1].
• Immunogenicity and efficacy of Streptococcus pneumoniae polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccines against homologous and heterologous serotypes in the chinchilla otitis media model [2].
• The OMP P5-homologous fimbriae of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi) are an adhesin and a virulence factor for otitis media in chinchilla models [3].
• Consumption of food, body weight, perineal colour and levels of progesterone in the serum of cyclic female chinchillas [4].
• BACKGROUND: Recent work has shown that middle ear application of propylene glycol in chinchillas produces an inflammatory reaction resulting in cholesteatoma formation in 50% to 70% of animals [5].

Psychiatry related information on Chinchilla

• Frequency difference limens in normal and sensorineural hearing impaired chinchillas [6].
• Behaviorally determined auditory thresholds of chinchillas were monitored before, during and after daily administration of kanamycin sulfate (200 mg/kg per day) [7].

High impact information on Chinchilla

• Substance P (SP), neurotensin (NT), bombesin (BB), serotonin (5HT), and carbamylcholine (CCH) transiently increase electrogenic anion secretion in chinchilla and chicken ileum [8].
• The data described here show differences in the expression and characteristics of tyrosinase in cutaneous murine melanocytes grown in culture from normal wild-type strains (C/C); from three albino locus mutants: himalayan (ch/ch), chinchilla (cch/cch), and albino (c/c); and from the double-mutant heterozygous pink-eyed chinchilla (cchp/cp) [9].
• Using a molecular approach, we cloned a cDNA encoding a homolog of human beta-defensin 3, designated chinchilla beta-defensin-1 (cBD-1), and found by Northern analysis expression of the corresponding mRNA in nasopharyngeal and tongue mucosae as well as skin [10].
• The sapA mutant was approximately eightfold more sensitive than the parent strain to killing by recombinant chinchilla beta-defensin 1 [11].
• Similarly, the chinchilla model of middle ear and nasopharyngeal clearance has been used to show that two P5 fimbrin adhesin-derived immunogens, LB1 and lipoprotein D (LPD)-LB1(f)(2,1,3), are highly efficacious as parenteral immunogens [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chinchilla

• These results indicate that type 7 pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine is antigenic for the chinchilla and modifies experimental otitis media due to type 7 S. pneumoniae [13].
• Middle ear and serum samples of chinchilla with experimentally induced otitis media receiving 10 mg/kg trimethoprim and 50 mg/kg sulfamethoxazole intramuscularly were collected over a 12-h period and analyzed [14].
• METHODS: Ampicillin-sensitive Haemophilus influenzae otitis media was induced in 45 adult chinchillas [15].
• The effects of endotoxin, exotoxin, and otitis media on the permeability of the round window membrane (RWM) in chinchillas was investigated by detecting tetraethylammonium chloride, applied to the RWM, using a potassium-selective microelectrode in the scala tympani [16].
• Noise-induced hearing loss in chinchillas pre-treated with glutathione monoethylester and R-PIA [17].

Biological context of Chinchilla

• Based on these findings, we constructed an NTHI strain containing a Lux reporter plasmid driven by the sapA promoter and demonstrated early yet transient expression of the sap operon within sites of the chinchilla upper airway upon infection [11].
• Microdialysis studies of the middle ear distribution kinetics of amoxicillin in the awake chinchilla [18].
• To determine the relative contribution of IHCs and OHCs to the generation of the EEOAE, we measured the amplitude of EEOAEs, distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), the cochlear microphonic (CM) and the compound action potential (CAP) in normal chinchillas and chinchillas with IHC lesions or IHC plus OHC lesions induced by carboplatin [19].
• Effects of noise and salicylate on auditory evoked-response thresholds in the chinchilla [20].
• Evoked-potential thresholds and cubic distortion product otoacoustic emissions in the chinchilla following carboplatin treatment and noise exposure [21].

Anatomical context of Chinchilla

• The sapA mutant was significantly attenuated compared to the parent strain in its ability to survive in both the nasopharynx and the middle ear of the chinchilla [11].
• Probenecid reduces cochlear effects and perilymph penetration of furosemide in chinchilla [22].
• Single-unit responses to tone pip stimuli were isolated from numerous microelectrode penetrations of auditory cortex (under ketamine anesthesia) in the developing chinchilla (laniger), a precocious mammal [23].
• The present study demonstrates calbindin immunoreactivity in the auditory brain stem of the chinchilla, a rodent with exceptionally good low-frequency hearing [24].
• We tested whether D-Met would protect the hair cells in the chinchilla from carboplatin [25].

Associations of Chinchilla with chemical compounds

• In this study, chinchillas were vaccinated with a dodecavalent preparation of pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (PCP) to obtain more information on the immunogenicity of these polysaccharide antigens [26].
• These data demonstrate that active immunization with P6 results in the production of NTHi-specific bactericidal antibody in the chinchilla and also affords a reduction in the incidence of NTHi-induced OM; however, parenteral immunization does not appear to affect the extent or duration of nasopharyngeal colonization by NTHi [27].
• Skin explants excised from the dorsa of chinchilla or lethal yellow C57BL/6J, Ay/a) mice at 7 to 9 days of age were cultured in the presence of Tp (2 mM), db-cAMP (2 mM), or alpha-MSH (1.0 microgram/ml) [28].
• In this study, the efficacy of a 10-day course of clarithromycin was evaluated with chinchillas [29].
• The chinchilla model was utilized to evaluate the efficacy of linezolid against experimental infection due to S. pneumoniae or NTHI [30].

Gene context of Chinchilla

• The chinchilla (c(ch)) allele is known to encode tyrosinase, whose activity is about one third that of wild type (C) [31].
• Chinchilla livers were found to contain more of the P450 enzymes CYP2E1 and CYP2B than rats or humans [32].
• Chinchilla sperm only contain enough zinc for one atom to be bound to two protamine 2 molecules [33].
• In addition, the data show that the P450 enzymes are more active in chinchillas than in rats and humans [32].
• The hypothesis that the gene responsible for the colour, extreme chinchilla, ce, has spread because of linkage with a major gene for warfarin-resistance, is tested by a linkage backcross [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chinchilla

• Following vaccination with the capsular polysaccharide of S. pneumoniae type 7, 36(63%) of 57 chinchillas seroconverted with at least a 100% increase in concentration of antibody in serum which remained elevated for at least six weeks [13].
• Venous blood of eight cyclic female chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger) was collected twice weekly during all stages of the oestrous cycle and levels of progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay [4].
• Determination of ciprofloxacin levels in chinchilla middle ear effusion and plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection [35].
• At 1 and 2 weeks after intraotic treatment with gentamicin, BDNF mRNA levels in the vestibular ganglia were elevated significantly compared to untreated chinchillas and chinchillas 4 weeks after treatment [36].
• OBJECTIVE: Determine the expression of glutamate by immunohistochemistry in normal and recovering vestibular hair cells in the chinchilla crista ampullaris after gentamicin ototoxicity [37].

References