Disease relevance of Bacterial Infections

• In children with advanced HIV disease who are receiving zidovudine, intravenous immune globulin decreases the risk of serious bacterial infections [1].
• Serious drug-related toxicity was more frequent in the amphotericin B group (P = 0.02), as were bacterial infections (P = 0.004) and bacteremia (P = 0.002) [2].
• Furthermore, totem mutants, which fail to express PGRP-LC, are susceptible to Gram-negative (E. coli), but not Gram-positive, bacterial infection [3].
• Mice deficient in Eta-1 (also called osteopontin) gene expression have severely impaired type-1 immunity to viral infection [herpes simplex virus-type 1 (KOS strain)] and bacterial infection (Listeria monocytogenes) and do not develop sarcoid-type granulomas [4].
• FcgammaRI (CD64) contributes substantially to severity of arthritis, hypersensitivity responses, and protection from bacterial infection [5].

Psychiatry related information on Bacterial Infections

• Increased production and secretion of lactoferrin and lysozyme suggests activated local defense mechanisms against bacterial infection in the stone-containing bile ducts, and may be beneficial for inhibition of the growth of calculi and prevention of the suppurative inflammation [6].
• BACKGROUND: Cysteine proteases of the papain superfamily are present in nearly all groups of eukaryotes and play vital roles in a wide range of biological processes and diseases, including antigen and hormone processing, bacterial infection, arthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's disease and cancer-cell invasion [7].
• The differences in the decrease in the feeding pattern between the SDA viral and a bacterial infection suggest that factors other than TNF-alpha alone play a significant role in the mechanism of anorexia during a viral infection [8].

High impact information on Bacterial Infections

• The trigger for rheumatoid arthritis is unknown, but for these rarer diseases triggering occurs by certain well-defined bacterial infections [9].
• Cas was originally cloned as a highly tyrosine-phosphorylated protein in cells transformed by v-Src (refs 2,3) or v-Crk (ref. 4) and has subsequently been implicated in a variety of biological processes including cell adhesion, cell migration, growth factor stimulation, cytokine receptor engagement and bacterial infection [10].
• Treatment assignment was stratified according to whether the patients had a history of one or more serious bacterial infections, had previously been treated with zidovudine, or were currently receiving prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole [1].
• Dif is normally localized in the cytoplasm of the larval fat body, but quickly accumulates in the nucleus upon bacterial infection or injury [11].
• There were 19 serious bacterial infections in the trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole group and 38 in the pentamidine group [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of Bacterial Infections

• The time to a first bacterial infection was significantly greater for those assigned to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (P = 0.017) [12].
• Recurrent bacterial infections associated with C3 nephritic factor and hypocomplementemia [13].
• Deficiency of a granulocyte-membrane glycoprotein (gp150) in a boy with recurrent bacterial infections [14].
• Studies performed before zidovudine became standard therapy found that intravenous immune globulin decreases the number of serious bacterial infections in these children [1].
• These results suggest that elevated levels of AGEs in tissues and serum of diabetic patients may inhibit endogenous antibacterial proteins by binding to this conserved AGE-binding cysteine-bounded domain 'ABCD' motif, thereby increasing susceptibility to bacterial infections in the diabetic population [15].
• Treatment should be recommended with caution in individuals with poor liver function who do not receive norfloxacin prophylaxis for SBP, since it increases the risk of bacterial infections [16].

Biological context of Bacterial Infections

• Our findings demonstrate that SR-AI/II mediate opsonin-independent phagocytosis of gram-positive bacteria, and provide the first evidence that opsonin-independent phagocytosis plays a critical role in host defense against bacterial infections in vivo [17].
• Individuals with X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome fail to express functional CD40 ligand (CD40L) and, as a consequence, are incapable of mounting protective antibody responses to opportunistic bacterial infections [18].
• Collectively, our data indicated that DCs are potent in producing IFN-gamma in response to IL-12 produced by bacterial infection and play an important role in innate immunity and subsequent T helper cell type 1 development in vivo [19].
• The results show that selective intestinal decontamination with norfloxacin is useful in preventing bacterial infections in cirrhotics with gastrointestinal hemorrhage [20].
• In multivariate analysis, first overall infections were increased in patients with the FcgammaRIIa R-131 genotype (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.92; P =.04), and severe bacterial infections were increased when the MPO donor genotype was AG or AA (HR = 2.16; P =.03) [21].

Anatomical context of Bacterial Infections

• Thus, during pregnancy, trophoblast responsive to CSF-1 acts to organize the maternal immune response to bacterial infection at the utero-placental interface [22].
• TNF/iNOS-producing dendritic cells mediate innate immune defense against bacterial infection [23].
• If, however, the recipient mice were challenged with viral or bacterial infections or proinflammatory agents (lipopolysaccharide or Poly:IC) early after cell transfer, tolerance induction was prevented and instead, CD8+ T cell activation leading to vigorous expansion and generation of cytolytic activity ensued [24].
• Here we show that knock-in mice expressing a mutated nonsheddable p55TNFR develop Toll-like receptor-dependent innate immune hyperreactivity, which renders their immune system more efficient at controlling intracellular bacterial infections [25].
• Importantly, the defective IFN-gamma response and the occurrence of bacterial infections were prevented by blocking the sympathetic nervous system but not the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis [26].

Gene context of Bacterial Infections

• X chromosome-linked immunodeficiency with hyper-IgM (HIGM1, MIM number 308230) is a rare disorder characterized by recurrent bacterial infections, very low or absent IgG, IgA and IgE, and normal to increased IgM and IgD serum levels [27].
• This accumulation of DNA in the DNase II mutants caused the constitutive expression of the antibacterial genes for diptericin and attacin, which are usually activated during bacterial infection [28].
• Distinct mutations in IRAK-4 confer hyporesponsiveness to lipopolysaccharide and interleukin-1 in a patient with recurrent bacterial infections [29].
• Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling and phagocytosis are hallmarks of macrophage-mediated innate immune responses to bacterial infection [30].
• Secreted lymphotoxin-alpha is essential for the control of an intracellular bacterial infection [31].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Bacterial Infections

• Administration of GLP-2 in the setting of experimental intestinal injury is associated with reduced epithelial damage, decreased bacterial infection, and decreased mortality or gut injury in rodents with chemically induced enteritis, vascular-ischemia reperfusion injury, and dextran sulfate-induced colitis [32].
• Deficiency of leukocyte surface glycoproteins Mo1, LFA-1, and Leu M5 in a dog with recurrent bacterial infections: an animal model [33].
• PURPOSE: To compare the efficacy and safety of ciprofloxacin (CIP) and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMS) for the prevention of bacterial infections in patients who received bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for the treatment of solid and hematopoietic neoplasms [34].
• Only one episode of bacterial infection was observed among 16 patients with SLE whose sera yielded normal amounts of chemotactic activity after treatment with zymosan [35].
• INTRODUCTION: The efficacy and safety of oral ofloxacin were compared with those of vancomycin/polymyxin for prophylaxis of bacterial infections in granulocytopenic patients undergoing chemotherapy for hematologic malignancy [36].

References