High impact information on HDHD1A

• Although sequences homologous to GS1 cDNA are present on chromosomes 1, 20, X, and Y, the functional GS1 gene is on the X chromosome [1].
• The GS1 gene is expressed from mouse-human cell hybrids containing active or inactive human X chromosomes, indicating that it escapes X inactivation [1].
• Characterization of GS1 genomic clones revealed that the gene consists of 4 exons spanning over 105 kb, with its transcriptional direction opposite to that of the STS gene [1].
• The reaction center of GS1 for L-phenylalanine thiolation and racemization was labeled with [3H]iodoacetic acid [2].
• The amount of 4'-phosphopantetheine liberated from highly purified GS1 was determined microbiologically using Lacto-bacillus plantarum as the test organism [2].

Biological context of HDHD1A

• These results indicate that factors associated with developing chloroplasts could be required for maximal GS1 gene expression during seedling development [3].
• C-22 showed a 12-37% lower content of GS1 protein in leaf blades than Koshihikari, which was in good agreement with a QTL region positively affected by the japonica chromosome [4].
• Here it is shown that the two cytosolic GS isoenzymes, GS1a and GS1b, are also regulated by phosphorylation but, in contrast to GS2, GS1 phosphorylation is catalysed by calcium-independent kinase(s) and the phosphorylated enzymes fail to interact with 14-3-3s [5].

Anatomical context of HDHD1A

• A search for the amino acid residues in the primary sequence of trypanothione reductase functionally active in binding/catalysis in human erythrocyte glutathione reductase shows that only the two arginine residues (Arg-37 and Arg-347), shown by X-ray crystallographic data to hydrogen bond to the GS1 glutathione glycyl carboxylate, are absent [6].
• The analysis of GS1 mRNA association with polysomes indicated that the discrepancies between GS protein and mRNA levels are not a result of a differential translational rate of the transcript in darkness relative to light [3].

Associations of HDHD1A with chemical compounds

• These data suggest a dual role for the GS1 gene associated with chloroplast development/activity and glutamine biosynthesis for nitrogen mobilization during early growth of Scots pine [3].
• Binding of Griffonia simplicifolia 1 isolectin B4 (GS1 B4) to alpha-galactose antigens [7].
• Six accessible sulfhydryl groups of the light component of gramicidin S synthetase (GS 1) were titrated with N-ethylmaleimide (Ma1NEt) as well as 3,3'-dithiobis(6-nitrobenzoic acid) (Nbs2) [8].
• The liposome-induced rises of pulmonary arterial pressure showed close quantitative and temporal correlation with elevations of plasma thromboxane B2 and were inhibited by an anti-C5a monoclonal antibody (GS1), by sCR1, or by indomethacin [9].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of HDHD1A

• In situ hybridization of cotyledon sections showed the presence of GS1 mRNAs in mesophyll and phloem cells confirming gene expression in photosynthetic tissues [3].
• CONCLUSION: We perform elective neck dissection in T1-T2 N0 neck disease with ICG > or =13 and GS1 > or =9 [10].
• By PCR analysis of flanking STS gene markers in our patients we succeeded in narrowing down the locus to between DXS6837 and GS1 [11].

References