Disease relevance of Chimera

• Identification of revertants for the cystic fibrosis delta F508 mutation using STE6-CFTR chimeras in yeast [1].
• In bone marrow chimeras, ganciclovir blocked microglial activation in the facial nucleus upon axotomy and repressed the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [2].
• Further, certain chimeras lacking the domains necessary to signal in response to their natural chemokine ligands retained vigorous HIV-1 coreceptor activity [3].
• The wild-type alpha 1AT promoter (-554 to +44 bp) was highly expressed in rat hepatoma cells, but activity was 100-fold less in fibroblasts or cell hybrids [4].
• Retinoblastomas were found in five out of seven adult pRb/p107-deficient chimeras [5].

Psychiatry related information on Chimera

• Near-tetraploid hybrids which contained an approximately complete chromosomal complement from both parental cells were nontumorigenic when 1 X 10(7) cells were injected s.c. into athymic (nude) mice, whereas the parental HT1080 cells produced tumors in 100% of the animals with no latency period following injection of 2 X 10(6) cells [6].
• To assess this strategy, we constructed a panel of hybrids that selectively retain the portion of human chromosome band 11p13 that includes genes responsible for Wilms tumor, aniridia, genitourinary anomalies, and mental retardation (constituting the WAGR syndrome) [7].
• Locomotor activity responses to sub-hypnotic doses of ethanol (ETOH) were assessed in selected lines of mice (LS and SS), inbred strains, and their F1 hybrids [8].

High impact information on Chimera

• To address how cells of contrasting genotype functionally interact in vivo to control circadian behavior, we have analyzed a series of Clock mutant mouse aggregation chimeras [9].
• To investigate the role of Flk1 during vasculogenesis and hematopoiesis, we examined the developmental potential of Flk1-/- embryonic stem cells in chimeras [10].
• Amino-terminal truncations of CCR5/CCR2b chimeras indicated that residues 2-5 are important for M-tropic viruses, while 89.6 is dependent on residues 6-9 [11].
• Thus, in mouse interspecific hybrids, several different hybrid sterility genes that impair gametogenesis of the male hybrids have been described [12].
• To test whether microvillous presentation is critical for contact formation ("tethering"), we transfected lymphoid cells with chimeras of L-selectin and CD44, an adhesion molecule that is excluded from microvilli [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of Chimera

• The importance of the carrier molecule for the enhanced immunogenicity of the HIB Ps-protein conjugates was shown by the failure of HIB Ps hybrids prepared with either the homologous polysaccharide or pneumococcus type 3 polysaccharide to induce antibodie in mice [14].
• From all solid tumors and ascites and from various organs of tumor-bearing mice, which were explanted into culture in double selective medium containing hypoxanthine, aminopterin, and thymidine plus ouabain (in which only hybrids between 4T00.1 and normal cells can survive), proliferating and nonproliferating cultures were obtained [15].
• A factor controlling the extent of development of inherited melanomas was demonstrated to be associated only with LG V loci, implying predominant control by a single gene, which probably determines the completeness of differentiation of macromelanophores in hybrids [16].
• The in vivo relationship of AR and HNE was explored by treating human GCA temporal artery-severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse chimeras with the AR inhibitors Sorbinil and Zopolrestat [17].
• Simian virus 40 infection of these hybrids led to the production of two distinct 28S rRNA species as analyzed by agarose/2.4% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [18].

Biological context of Chimera

• Chromosome fragment-containing hybrids localize the repressing activity to the region of 4p that contains the homeobox gene MSX1 [19].
• Following hybrid formation, the chronology of X chromosome replication and the expression of X-linked gene Pgk-1 indicated that all X chromosomes contributed by both parents were active in these hybrids [20].
• Hybrids between cytoplasmic RNA and DNA restriction fragments of the viral genome were digested with endonuclease S1 or exonuclease VII, and the products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis [21].
• Kinetoplastid RNA editing: in vitro formation of cytochrome b gRNA-mRNA chimeras from synthetic substrate RNAs [22].
• Furthermore, chimeras of the human estrogen receptor DNA binding domain and either GAL4 or GCN4 activating "acidic" regions can activate a promoter region controlled by an estrogen-responsive enhancer [23].

Anatomical context of Chimera

• Rather, extinction of GH expression in fibroblast x pituitary hybrids was accompanied by loss of GHF-1 protein and mRNA expression, suggesting that extinction occurs by repression of this trans-activator [24].
• These results suggest that the human gene coding for NuMA protein, unlike other genes coding for human specific nuclear proteins, can be expressed in human/hamster hybrid cells and that the cell hybrids will be useful in further characterization of NuMA protein [25].
• The frequencies and the rates of segregation of the Emtr and Thgr (thioguanine-resistant, an X-linked recessive mutation) markers were determined from hybrids constructed between an Emtr-Thgr CHO cell line and various other Chinese hamster lines (V79, M3-1, CHO, GM7S, CHW and CHL) [26].
• The murine La protein and the RNA binding subclass of calf thymus La protein showed ATPase/dATPase activity in the presence of DNA-RNA or RNA-RNA hybrids [27].
• Analysis of human hemoglobin switching in MEL x human fetal erythroid cell hybrids [28].

Associations of Chimera with chemical compounds

• The hybrids formed between near-diploid parental cells resembled Friend cells in the ability to grow in suspension and to synthesize hemoglobin in the presence of the chemical inducers dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and ouabain [29].
• When grafted onto normal tobacco plants, both octopine- and nopaline-type shoots (including those from somatic hybrids) produced flowers and set seed [30].
• Hexose transport in hybrids between malignant and normal cells [31].
• However, generation of these hybrids, using physical or chemical methods such as electrofusion or polyethylene glycol (PEG), has been difficult to standardize [32].
• However, pretreatment of the Mta+ parent with R6G resulted in hybrids which were Mta-, or diminished in Mta expression [33].

Gene context of Chimera

• However, GBD hybrids with SIR2, SIR3, or SIR4 cannot establish silencing [34].
• Although Tme and Igf2r were thought to be identical, they show different patterns of imprinting in interspecies hybrids [35].
• Here we show that chimeras of P-selectin and immunoglobulin (P-sel-Ig) induced formation of procoagulant microparticles in human blood through P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1; encoded by the Psgl1 gene, officially known as Selpl) [36].
• With the use of MR-GR chimeras, a segment of the NH2-terminal region of GR (amino acids 105 to 440) was shown to be required for this repression [37].
• Analysis of chimeras containing elements from human CCR5 and human CCR2B suggested that a complex structure rather than single contact sites is responsible for facilitation of viral entry [3].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Chimera

• We have used gene targeting to inactivate Sox2, examining the phenotypic consequences in mutant embryos and in chimeras in which the epiblast is rescued with wild-type ES cells [38].
• Employing a new method for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, irradiation chimeras constructed from various combinations of marrow cells from B10 H-2 recombinant mice and AKR recipients were prepared [39].
• No identifiable common lymphoid or myeloid progenitor populations were discernable by flow cytometry; however, clonogenic assays suggested an overall increased frequency of blast colony-forming cells and BM chimeras revealed existence of long-term self-renewing PU.1-deficient cells that required PU.1 for lymphoid, but not granulocyte, generation [40].
• Southern blot hybridization analysis using a panel of human-hamster hybrids showed that human G6Pase is a single-copy gene located on chromosome 17 [41].
• The hybrids were characterized by analysis of DNA content, P-glycoprotein expression by Western blotting, GST activity by use of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate, and sensitivity to reversal of resistance to vincristine by exposure to verapamil [42].

References