Disease relevance of Paternal Exposure

• Key words: birth defects, birth weight, congenital anomalies, dioxin, occupation, paternal exposure, preterm birth, TCDD [1].
• A total of 737 conceptions, which resulted in 637 live births and 10 stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, were identified as having paternal exposure; 2031 conceptions, resulting in 1785 live births and 246 stillbirths and spontaneous abortions, were identified as having no paternal exposure to any isomer of dioxin [2].
• There is conflicting research regarding an association between fetal death and paternal exposure to Agent Orange, a phenoxy herbicide widely used in Vietnam that was contaminated with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) [3].

High impact information on Paternal Exposure

• Paternal exposure to ribavirin: pregnancy and neonatal outcome [4].
• We estimated paternal exposure to DDT before each pregnancy using three approaches: a) a dichotomous indicator for pregnancies before and after exposure began, b) a qualitative index of four exposure categories, and c) an estimation of the DDT metabolite DDE [1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene] accumulated in fat [5].
• Paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide alters cell-cell contacts and activation of embryonic transcription in the preimplantation rat embryo [6].
• Paternal exposures to x-rays and polyvinyl alcohol were associated with 1.5-fold increase in risk [7].
• Paternal exposure of mice to Cr(III) causes increased tumor risk in offspring; an epigenetic mechanism has been hypothesized [8].

Chemical compound and disease context of Paternal Exposure

• Factors which significantly increased the odds ratio of spontaneous abortion were paternal exposure to organic solvents in general, high/frequent exposure to toluene or miscellaneous organic solvents (including thinners), and maternal heavy lifting [9].
• Lack of birth defects among offspring conceived during or after paternal exposure to dibromochloropropane (DBCP) [10].

Biological context of Paternal Exposure

• Paternal exposure to chronic low doses of cyclophosphamide, an anticancer agent, results in aberrant embryonic development of the progeny [6].
• Cyclophosphamide: effects of paternal exposure on the brain chemistry of the F1 progeny [11].

Anatomical context of Paternal Exposure

• The developmental consequences of paternal exposure to acrylamide (50 mg/kg i.p. for 5 days) were assessed in preimplantation embryos [12].
• We applied this method to evaluate the effects of paternal exposure to acrylamide, a model germ cell clastogen [13].

Associations of Paternal Exposure with chemical compounds

• These data provide little or no support for the theory that paternal exposure to Agent Orange and its dioxin contaminant is associated with adverse reproductive outcomes [14].
• Ethylene dibromide: effects of paternal exposure on the neurotransmitter enzymes in the developing brain of F1 progeny [15].
• Spermatogenic and mutagenic damage after paternal exposure to systemic indium-114m [16].
• Overall, there were few behavioral or neurochemical alterations detected in the offspring following maternal or paternal exposure to either 3000 or 6000 ppm 1-butanol [17].
• Paternal exposure to cisplatin did not affect either ESTR mutation rates or crossover frequencies, despite a report that cisplatin can increase crossover frequency in mice [18].

Gene context of Paternal Exposure

• There was a civil court case on behalf of two of the alleged victims of paternal irradiation at Seascale against British Nuclear Fuels. The case foundered on "the balance of probabilities". Nevertheless, there was support for paternal exposure from Japanese experimental X-ray studies in mice [19].
• These findings demonstrate the effects of paternal exposure to acrylamide on preimplantation development and indicate a potential risk to the offspring of men exposed to acrylamide [20].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Paternal Exposure

• Reversibility of the effects of chronic paternal exposure to cyclophosphamide on pregnancy outcome in rats [21].

References