Disease relevance of toluene

• Transposition of Pseudomonas toluene-degrading genes and expression in Escherichia coli [1].
• Toxic effects of toluene: a new cause of high anion gap metabolic acidosis [2].
• Although epithelial hyperplasia induced by BP was interpreted as a preneoplastic lesion, no ultrastructural differences were detected between T- and BP-treated mice in any environment [3].
• Upon expression in Escherichia coli, some of these evolved genes exhibited enhanced degradation capacity, not only for PCB and related biphenyl compounds, but for single aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene, which are poor substrates for the original BP Dox [4].
• We introduced the pTOM toluene-degradation plasmid of Burkholderia cepacia G4 into B. cepacia L.S.2.4, a natural endophyte of yellow lupine [5].

Psychiatry related information on toluene

• The ratio of 1,4-BQ-Alb:BO-Alb decreased with age and coexposure to toluene, and increased with alcohol consumption [6].
• We studied the ocular motor abnormalities in 4 patients chronically addicted to sniffing glue containing toluene [7].
• Dementia in toluene abuse appears to be related to severity of cerebral white matter involvement [8].
• Enhanced performance is characterized by a wider operational temperature range (-10 to +50 degrees C) over which the sensors displayed, concurrently, an analyte sensitivity of >0.2 Hz/ppm toluene, minimal energy loss (resistance <120 ohms), and response times of <20 min (time required to reach 90% of full response) [9].
• In the toluene group thoughts were more likely to be slowed, time appeared to pass more quickly and tactile hallucinations were more commonly reported than in the butane group [10].

High impact information on toluene

• These workers were exposed to a number of solvents, primarily methyl ethyl ketone [(MEK) CAS: 78-93-3] and toluene (CAS: 108-88-3), but at levels far below the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration's standard [11].
• We also demonstrated that different gene clusters could be used to engineer D. radiodurans for treatment of mixed radioactive wastes by developing a strain to detoxify both mercury and toluene [12].
• Also, the patient had sensitized bronchoalveolar lymphocytes to toluene diisocyanate-human serum albumin [13].
• Hypersensitivity pneumonitis and toluene diisocyanate [14].
• Immunoglobulin G antibody to toluene diisocyanate-human serum albumin was present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and sera: IgA antibody was present only in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [13].

Chemical compound and disease context of toluene

• Glucose-sensitive adenylate cyclase in toluene-treated cells of Escherichia coli B [15].
• Xylene monooxygenase catalyzes the multistep oxygenation of toluene and pseudocumene to corresponding alcohols, aldehydes, and acids in Escherichia coli JM101 [16].
• Active site engineering of the epoxide hydrolase from Agrobacterium radiobacter AD1 to enhance aerobic mineralization of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in cells expressing an evolved toluene ortho-monooxygenase [17].
• Poly(A) synthesis and degradation have been examined in Escherichia coli cells made permeable to nucleotides by treatment with toluene [18].
• Allergic subjects had an immediate response to antigenic challenge with symptoms of rhinitis highly correlated with increments in the concentrations of histamine, prostaglandin D2, kinins and kininogens, leukotrienes, and toluene sulfonyl arginine methyl ester esterase activity in their nasal secretions [19].

Biological context of toluene

• The present studies address the mechanism of aromatic hydroxylation used by the natural and G103L isoforms of the diiron enzyme toluene 4-monooxygenase [20].
• The genetic organization of the Pseudomonas putida plasmid pWWO-161, which encodes enzymes for the degradation of toluene and related aromatic hydrocarbons, has been investigated by transposition mutagenesis and gene cloning [21].
• That is, the toluene-treated vesicles showed only V1 for MeGlc phosphorylation [22].
• The gene cluster adjacent to the sequence of rpoN (encoding sigma factor sigma54) of Pseudomonas putida has been studied with respect to the C source regulation of the Pu promoter of the upper TOL (toluene catabolism) operon [23].
• The 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde hydrolase, XylF, of the Pseudomonas putida TOL plasmid-encoded pathway for the catabolism of toluene and xylenes, catalyzes one of the rarest types of enzyme reaction (EC 3.7.1.9), the hydrolysis of a carbon-carbon bond in its substrate, the ring-fission product of 3-alkyl-substituted catechols [24].

Anatomical context of toluene

• Toluene abuse causes diffuse central nervous system white matter changes [25].
• The findings confirm a previous report of a toluene-induced neurological syndrome that is exclusively central, sparing peripheral nerves [26].
• Taken in concert, these findings suggest that the pathological and MRI abnormalities are due to either increased water content of the white matter or subtle toluene-induced metabolic changes in myelin [25].
• Preparation and characterization of liver cells made permeable to macromolecules by treatment with toluene [27].
• Mutants unable to carry out cis --> trans isomerization of unsaturated lipids, that exhibit altered cell envelopes because of the lack of the OprL protein, or that are unable to exclude toluene from cell membranes are hypersensitive to toluene [28].

Associations of toluene with other chemical compounds

• Binding of carbon monoxide and oxygen to sterically protected heme model compounds (basket-handle porphyrins) was investigated in liquid toluene at temperatures from 180 to 300 K by laser flash photolysis [29].
• The amphiphilic antibiotic nystatin produced effects on cell permeability similar to those of detergents, whereas toluene, which is apolar, gave opposite results [30].
• These data strongly suggest that the chlorobenzene dioxygenase and dehydrogenase originated from a toluene or benzene degradation pathway, probably by horizontal gene transfer [31].
• The measurement of the activity and sensitivity to glucose of adenylate cyclase in toluene-treated cells requires the presence of potassium phosphate in the assay medium [15].
• Xylene monooxygenase was found to catalyze the oxygenation of toluene, pseudocumene, the corresponding alcohols, and the corresponding aldehydes [16].

Gene context of toluene

• Time course of IL1 and IL6 synthesis and release in human bronchial epithelial cell cultures exposed to toluene diisocyanate [32].
• These results may explain, in part, the lower activity of CYP2B6, which has Phe at position 58 of the protein, for toluene ring oxidations than that of CYP2B1 [33].
• Although CYP1A2 appears to be responsible for the formation of the minor (phenolic) metabolites of toluene and the xylene isomers, CYP2E1 catalyzed methylhydroxylation will be the major determinant of the clearance of these compounds in humans [34].
• Neonatal toluene exposure alters N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit expression in the hippocampus and cerebellum in juvenile rats [35].
• Immunohistochemical analysis with confocal imaging showed that toluene-treated neurons had significant increases in the density of NR1 subunits as compared with control neurons [36].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of toluene

• The complex Cp2Hf(SitBuPh2)(mu-Me)B(C6F5)3 (13) was isolated by crystallization from toluene at -30 degrees C and fully characterized, and its spectroscopic properties and crystal structure are compared to those of its neutral precursor 9 [37].
• The self-assembly of these dendrimers in toluene was elucidated using thermal measurements, circular dichroism (CD) and NMR spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) [38].
• An association constant of 8600 +/- 500 M-1 was estimated for the complex formation by NMR titration experiment in toluene-d8 [39].
• The process of self-assembly at multiple length scales of bis-urea substituted toluene on a Au(111) surface was studied by low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy [40].
• The photodissociation of isotope-labeled toluene C(6)H(5)CD(3) and C(6)H(5)(13)CH(3) molecules at 6.4 eV under collision-free conditions was studied in separate experiments by multimass ion imaging techniques [41].

References