Disease relevance of Local Lymph Node Assay

• Contact sensitivities of three well known metal allergens (nickel sulfate, potassium dichromate and cobalt chloride) were examined using the local lymph node assay in CBA/N mice, F344 rats and Hartley guinea pigs [1].
• Since rats are commonly used in routine toxicity studies and a previous study (Arts et al. (1996) Food Chem. Toxicol. 34, 55-62) has shown that several rat strains were found appropriate for the LLNA, the suitability of the rat for the IgE test was examined in the present study [2].

High impact information on Local Lymph Node Assay

• The local lymph node assay (LLNA) was used to investigate the sensitizing potential of pure linalool, two samples of air-exposed linalool, and oxidation products of linalool (an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde, a mixture of two hydroperoxides, and an alcohol) [3].
• With the aim of providing further mechanistic insights into the mode of action of eugenol (4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol) and isoeugenol (4-propenyl-2-methoxyphenol), we have synthesized two series of modified compounds which were tested in the mouse local lymph node assay for their skin sensitizing potential [4].
• Of these markers, CD86 proved to be the most reliable since it detected all sensitizers, including benzocaine, a classical false negative in local lymph node assay (LLNA) but not irritants [5].
• Based on an approved test protocol such as the LLNA and the mouse IgE test, PCT proved to be a weak sensitizer when compared to TDI and oxazolone [6].
• In the present studies, we modeled two sensitizers, 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and squaric acid dibutyl ester, over a large range of concentrations using the LLNA and more traditional tests that measure both sensitization and elicitation responses [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of Local Lymph Node Assay

• Contact sensitivity of four thiourea rubber accelerators, diphenylthiourea (DPTU), dilaurylthiourea (DLTU), dibutylthiourea (DBTU) and diethylthiourea (DETU), was evaluated by a new sensitive mouse lymph node assay (SLNA) and the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) [8].

Biological context of Local Lymph Node Assay

• Quantitative structure-activity relationships: sulfonate esters in the local lymph node assay [9].
• These results favor the modified LLNA since it is shorter, and combines identification of allergens (by cell proliferation) with identification of respiratory allergens (by IL-4 production) [10].

Anatomical context of Local Lymph Node Assay

• Topical exposure of mice to GST in 70% dimethylsulfoxide solution induced small increases in the lymph node weight and the lymph node cell (LNC) number in the murine local lymph node assay (LLNA) [11].
• The LLNA measures lymphocyte proliferation using incorporation of radioactive thymidine or iododeoxyuridine into cells of the draining lymph nodes of mice topically exposed to a test article [12].
• Because the LLNA relies on tritiated-thymidine incorporation by proliferating T cells during the induction phase, we have studied the potential of the VAA diet to enhance sensitivity of the LLNA [13].

Associations of Local Lymph Node Assay with chemical compounds

• The aim of the study was to establish whether the LLNA was sufficient to not only identify allergens but also mark them as either a contact or a respiratory allergen [14].
• Topical cUCA or vehicle was applied during the local lymph node assay to oxazolone [15].
• Additionally, future studies to evaluate the effect of the VAA-enriched diet when multiple doses of both UVR and DNFB are used would be of interest for both the LLNA and MEST end-points [16].
• Previous studies have demonstrated enhanced CH responses with vitamin A acetate (VAA) dietary supplementation assessed by MEST and the local lymph node assay (LLNA) [16].
• To this end, LLNA responses to the contact allergen dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and the respiratory allergen trimellitic anhydride (TMA) were determined using IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expression and production as parameters [14].

Gene context of Local Lymph Node Assay

• We have previously shown that a modified LLNA can be used to identify respiratory allergens, on the basis of Con A induced IL-4 production [10].
• Secondly, another assay, similar to the modified LLNA but differing in the duration and the number of allergen applications as well as in the ex vivo culture conditions, here denoted as 'longer' assay, has been reported to be able to identify contact allergens, on the basis of (spontaneous) IFN-gamma production [10].
• The IL-2-based LLNA showed similar performances at both qualitative and quantitative levels compared to regular LLNA [17].
• Although previously determined to induce immunologically equivalent responses in a local lymph node assay (LLNA), the initial dose chosen (2.5%) failed to induce Th2 cytokine mRNA expression [18].
• Cytokine production induced by low-molecular-weight chemicals as a function of the stimulation index in a modified local lymph node assay: an approach to discriminate contact sensitizers from respiratory sensitizers [19].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Local Lymph Node Assay

• Immunosuppression induced by CsA, TBTO and B[a]P was clearly detectable in this application of the LLNA [20].
• Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of a local lymph node assay based on ex vivo interleukin-2 production [17].

References