Disease relevance of thiourea

• Landmark article May 8, 1943: Treatment of hyperthyroidism with thiourea and thiouracil. By E.B. Astwood [1].
• Athletic shoe dermatitis. Contact allergy to ethyl butyl thiourea [2].
• Effects of dimethyl sulfoxide and thiourea upon intercalator-induced DNA single-strand breaks in mouse leukemia (L1210) cells [3].
• Unique mechanism of action of the thiourea drug isoxyl on Mycobacterium tuberculosis [4].
• Hypothyroidism produced by propylthiouracil treatment of pregnant females and thiourea injections of the litters was shown to induce a complete inhibition of postnatal muscular differentiation [5].

Psychiatry related information on thiourea

• The optimum conditions were as follows: the molar ratio of aldehyde to alpha,beta-diketone to urea or thiourea is 1:1:1:0.5, the molar ratio of catalyst to aldehyde is 25%, and the reaction time is 4 h.Under the above conditions, the highest yield of dihydropyrimidinones was up to 95% [6].

High impact information on thiourea

• A fluorescently labeled estradiol, N'-fluoresceino-N'-(17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinamide) thiourea (FE) was used for measuring estrogen receptor content per cell in tumor cells [7].
• Urea exchange is enhanced in renal collecting duct cells and erythrocytes by transporters which can be inhibited by phloretin and urea analogs such as thiourea [8].
• When the perfusate contained 200 mM thiourea, the comparable recovery of [14C]urea from the hepatic veins exceeded that of 3HOH by a factor of 3.48 +/- 0.44 (n = 7) [8].
• Injury was not observed with the substitution of iron-free pyochelin and was diminished by the presence of catalase or dimethyl thiourea [9].
• Since MTT is a thiocarbamide, a type of compound that can increase oxidation of glutathione, the present studies were carried out to determine whether alterations in hepatic glutathione redox state might interfere with vitamin K metabolism [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of thiourea

• Studies were carried out to examine the mechanism of action of WAY-150138, a member of a novel group of thiourea compounds recently shown to inhibit replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) [11].
• Dimethylthiourea and thiourea, but not urea and superoxide dismutase, dose-dependently inhibited NAC-mediated enhancement of HIV-1 replication [12].
• We found that these deletion events were induced by exposure to the Salmonella assay positive carcinogens UV, gamma-rays and methyl methanesulfonate, as well as the Salmonella assay negative carcinogens Aroclor 1221, benzene and thiourea [13].
• Cyclic urea and thiourea derivatives as inducers of murine erythroleukemia differentiation [14].
• However, at doses of thiourea that cause pleural effusion, there was an increase in total lung glutathione [15].

Biological context of thiourea

• Direct nucleophilic acylation of nitroalkenes promoted by a fluoride anion/thiourea combination [16].
• A trace of TH was suggested to be involved in inducing these mesenchymal changes, because the treatment of tadpoles at stage IV with thiourea inhibited the appearance of new connective tissue [17].
• Catalase alone, and the hydroxyl radical scavengers, thiourea and sodium formate, suppressed salicylate hydroxylation [18].
• These data suggest that the VZV-specific thiourea inhibitor series block virus replication by interfering with the function of the ORF54 protein and/or other proteins that interact with the ORF54 protein [19].
• The irreversible inactivation of bovine lactoperoxidase by thiocarbamide goitrogens was measured, and the kinetics were consistent with a mechanism-based (suicide) mode [20].

Anatomical context of thiourea

• Thyroid stimulation after thiourea treatment indicated that maturation of thyroid-pituitary negative feedback occurs between days 9 and 10 of the 16.5-day incubation period [21].
• It is shown that both thiourea and dimethylthiourea are scavengers of HOCl, a powerful oxidant produced by neutrophil myeloperoxidase [22].
• 5. The much larger maximum volume implies that thiourea increases the area of the cell membrane [23].
• Membrane permeability to the non-electrolyte probes urea and thiourea was measured in a population of differentiating bone marrow precursor cells (Cicoria and Hempling, '80) [24].
• The reactive oxygen inhibitor catalase and the reactive oxygen scavengers mannitol and thiourea failed to reverse the IFN-gamma-induced inhibition of T. gondii in astrocytes [25].

Associations of thiourea with other chemical compounds

• Ethylene production in the presence of lactoferrin was inhibited by the .OH scavengers mannitol, benzoate, and thiourea by 43--85, 45--94, and 76--96%, respectively [26].
• This indicates that thiourea bond formation between H2DIDS and band 3 involves one of the two modified lysine residues [27].
• A similar time factor was involved when cells were treated with a combination of cis-DDP and ara-C before their exposure to thiourea, but in this case thiourea was only able to prevent completely the cytotoxic effect when added simultaneously with the drug combination [28].
• No effect of iron was observed when the incubation was performed at 4 degrees C, nor when an oxygen-radical scavenger such as thiourea, mannitol, or catalase was present in the incubation medium [29].
• Thus, the key to the success of the catalytic enantioselective Michael addition is dual activation of the substrate by both intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the imide and intermolecular hydrogen bonding with thiourea 1a, as well as the activation of a nucleophile by the tertiary amine of the bifunctional thiourea [30].

Gene context of thiourea

• High iNOS versus eNOS selectivity was found for 1400W, whereas several isothiourea derivatives and 1400W displayed moderate n- versus eNOS selectivity [31].
• Three hours after intraperitoneal infusion of thiourea, W/D increased to 5.5 and marked pleural effusions appeared, but there were no differences in wild-type and AQP knockout mice [32].
• The 3R*-methyl compound 4, which has an S-methyl isothiourea moiety, inhibited nNOS and iNOS, but not eNOS (IC(50) > 1 mM) [33].
• Semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that AQP3 mRNA in the thiourea group rose significantly, peaking at around 4-8 h [34].
• 5. The expressed FMO2 enzyme showed catalytic activity towards the FMO substrate methimazole and further analysis of E. coli fractions utilizing NADPH oxidation demonstrated that the mouse FMO2 enzyme also exhibits catalytic activity towards thiourea, trimethylamine, and the insecticide phorate [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of thiourea

• Anti-inflammatory action of topical thiocarbamide drugs: possible use in protecting skin during radiotherapy [36].
• Glycocalix[4]arenes show the phenomenon of multivalency in their binding to specific lectins, and those bearing thiourea spacers between the calix[4]arene scaffold and the sugar units are able to bind aromatic carboxylates and phosphates, making them attractive as novel site specific drug delivery systems [37].
• They involve thiourea as a probe of monofunctional DNA adducts of platinum (II) complexes with two leaving ligands in the trans configuration, ethidium bromide as a probe for distinguishing between monofunctional and bifunctional DNA adducts of platinum complexes and HPLC analysis of the platinated DNA enzymatically digested to nucleosides [38].
• We demonstrate proof of this principle in a model of high permeability pulmonary oedema induced by intraperitoneal injection of thiourea (2.5 mg/kg) in C57/BL6 mice [39].
• The mechanism of the inhibitors of these two scaffolds is confirmed to be competitive and reversible.Conclusions: The urea scaffold and the thiourea scaffold are promising leads for the development of new effective chemotherapy for trypanosomal diseases [40].

References