Disease relevance of Dichromates

• Nephrotoxic acute renal failure was induced by the subcutaneous injection of potassium dichromate (6.25 mg/kg) into Sprague-Dawley rats [1].
• Delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction in the lungs of guinea pigs due to potassium dichromate [2].
• Under these conditions (monitored by growth of obligate anaerobes), two mutagens (4-chloromethylbiphenyl (4CMB) and potassium dichromate) were reproducibly mutagenic to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 and Escherichia coli WP2uvrA(pKM101), respectively [3].
• To the authors' knowledge, this is the first case report of acute toxic liver failure, caused by potassium dichromate poisoning, treated successfully by means of liver transplantation [4].
• We conclude that milk testing laboratory workers are at substantial risk for acquiring allergic contact dermatitis from milk preserved with potassium dichromate [5].

Psychiatry related information on Dichromates

• With the introduction of potassium dichromate the reaction time could be decreased from 3 h to 10 min [6].

High impact information on Dichromates

• Complete sporulation occurred within 5 to 13 days in oocysts maintained in potassium dichromate at 25 or 32 degrees C. Complete excystation resulted in the liberation of two sporozoites from the two sporocysts within each oocyst (cryptosporidia have four naked sporozoites within each oocyst) [7].
• Thus, mutually exclusive expression of red and green pigment transgenes can be achieved in a large fraction of cones in a dichromat mammal, suggesting a facile evolutionary path for the development of trichromacy after visual pigment gene duplication [8].
• Effects of potassium dichromate on nucleic acid and protein syntheses and on precursor uptake in BHK fibroblasts [9].
• Actual rates of macromolecular syntheses have been calculated by taking into account the induced changes of soluble precursor concentrations; sucn normalized rates point out that dichromate induces a sudden blockage of DNA replication, whereas RNA and protein syntheses are secondarily inhibited [9].
• The observed cytotoxic effects of dichromate are tentatively referred to the oxidation of cell components by hexavalent chromium and thereby to the interaction of reduced trivalent chromium with specific biological ligands on cell membrane and on DNA [9].

Chemical compound and disease context of Dichromates

• Potassium dichromate (chromium VI) required the presence of oxygen to revert the Salmonella strain TA102 but induced a moderate reversion frequency in TA2638 under anaerobic conditions [10].
• The coeliac-mesenteric ganglion complex was removed and processed either for the Falck-Hillarp fluorescence histochemical technique or fixed in glutaraldehyde followed by 3.5% potassium dichromate for a chromaffin-type reaction [11].
• Nickel sulphate (8%), cobalt chloride (3%), potassium dichromate (3%), and fragrance mix (4%) were common allergens encountered in hand eczema group [12].
• Sodium dichromate dihydrate and potassium dichromate were administered either with the drinking water, up to a concentration of 500mg chromium(VI)/l for up to 210 consecutive days, or in a single intragastric dose of 17.7mg/kg body weight [13].
• We studied 180 cement workers with contact dermatitis, who originally had a total of 163 positive patch test reactions to potassium dichromate and 98 positive reactions to cobalt chloride [14].

Biological context of Dichromates

• Inhalation challenge with nebulised potassium dichromate solution is helpful in making the specific diagnosis where doubt exists [15].
• Oxidation of cholesterol by a biomimetic oxidant, cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate [16].
• Potassium dichromate induced DNA damage in the lymphocytes, measured as the increase in comet tail moment [17].
• Concentration-dependent effects of potassium dichromate on the cell cycle [18].
• Over the period 5-8 days after inoculation, faeces are collected in trays containing 2% (w/v) potassium dichromate solution, while food intake is restricted [19].

Anatomical context of Dichromates

• This study was designed to determine whether ingestion of a single dose of potassium dichromate alone [Cr(VI)] or potassium dichromate fully reduced to Cr(III) with orange juice (prior to ingestion) causes an increase in DPX of circulating leukocytes in humans [20].
• The present study is an attempt to evaluate the role of EGF in thyroid mediated protection from ARF induced in rats by dichromate [21].
• While proliferative keratinocytes exposed to Cr(VI) showed a high degree of cytotoxicity to dichromate exposure, the more differentiated cells showed significantly less cytotoxicity but a higher uptake of the metal ion into the cells [22].
• With the ZN method only 3-5% of the oocysts purified from three human and one experimentally infected lamb dichromate-preserved feces were stained by carbol fuchsin [23].
• The results support the conclusion that the density of cones in the fovea centralis of the dichromat is comparable to that of the color normal trichomat [24].

Associations of Dichromates with other chemical compounds

• Guinea pigs were sensitized to potassium dichromate, nickel sulfate and sodium zirconium lactate by three methods of immunization in Freund's complete adjuvant: Polak, split adjuvant, and maximization (modified Magnusson and Kligman) [25].
• The running buffer which affected this separation contained 5 mM ammonium dichromate, 10 mM ammonium acetate, and 20 mM diethylenetriamine at pH 9 [26].
• We have employed an ESR spin-trapping technique to detect an adduct of the spin trap alpha-(4-pyridyl 1-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (4-POBN) in the bile of animals given an intragastric dose of potassium dichromate [27].
• Differential patterns of injury to the proximal tubule of renal cortical slices following in vitro exposure to mercuric chloride, potassium dichromate, or hypoxic conditions [28].
• These results combined with X-ray microanalysis after initial fixation with glutaraldehyde and subsequent treatment with dichromate established that these chromaffin cells are the storage site of primary catecholamines (Scheuermann 1978, 1979, 1980; Scheuermann et al. 1980) [29].

Gene context of Dichromates

• The expression and functional role of HO-1 in rats with renal injury induced by potassium dichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) was investigated in this work [30].
• A detailed investigation of molecular interactions of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) with potassium dichromate has been made [31].
• In one dichromat with extreme myopia and cupping of the optic disc, the ERG phase lags increased with increasing cone contrast [32].
• Intolerance of osteosynthesis material: evidence of dichromate contact allergy with concomitant oligoclonal T-cell infiltrate and TH1-type cytokine expression in the peri-implantar tissue [33].
• CONCLUSION: These data suggest that potentized (diluted and vigorously shaken) potassium dichromate may help to decrease the amount of stringy tracheal secretions in COPD patients [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Dichromates

• Liver transplantation for potassium dichromate poisoning [35].
• We have investigated the cleaving behavior of potassium bichromate (K(2)Cr(2)O(7)) crystals using atomic force microscopy [36].
• Potassium dichromate was inhaled by guinea pigs previously immunized by potassium dichromate until strong positive patch tests were obtained [2].
• This work demonstrates that intraventricular microinjections of a low dose of potassium dichromate (0.4 microL of 10 mM solution) yield a specific contrast enhancement of white matter (WM) tracts in T1-weighted 3D MRI of mouse brain in vivo [37].
• Based on vesicle type and cytochemical reactivity after chromate/dichromate fixation for electron microscopy at least two types of neural process were distinguished and classified as adrenergic and cholinergic [38].

References