Disease relevance of Intracellular Fluid

• The results indicate that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched controls are characterized by an absolute increase (1.5 liter/m2) in intracellular fluid (total body water minus extracellular fluid) [1].
• Acidification of intracellular fluid by accumulation of lactate may compensate the effect of respiratory alkalosis [2].
• Context: Theoretically, the risk of compartment syndrome is increased during creatine monohydrate (CrM) supplementation because of intracellular fluid retention in muscle cells and the overall increased size of the muscle tissue [3].
• Diabetic ketoacidosis can be effectively and economically treated by using low-dose intravenous insulin and 2 to 3 liters of isotonic saline at 500 ml/hr to replace extracellular fluids, followed by 2 to 4 L of 5% glucose in 0.45% saline with potassium chloride and/or potassium phosphate to replace intracellular fluids at 250 ml/hr [4].

High impact information on Intracellular Fluid

• Taurine concentration in renal cortex intracellular fluid (free of urine contamination) is similar in the three strains [5].
• Although the weight and body-composition changes may demonstrate an anabolic action of methandienone in man, they may alternatively have been caused by an increase in intracellular fluid, and the question of anabolic action therefore remains open [6].
• BCM is calculated from intracellular fluid (ICF) where ICF = TBW - ECF [7].
• Urinary exosomes containing apical membrane and intracellular fluid are normally secreted into the urine from all nephron segments, and may carry protein markers of renal dysfunction and structural injury [8].
• We evaluated the impact of a negative balance for sodium (Na) and potassium (K) salts on the intracellular fluid (ICF) volume, emphasizing the role of anions excreted with K. Rats (N = 10) were deprived of food and water for 24 hours [9].

Biological context of Intracellular Fluid

• Pinocytosis proceeds at a rate of 2%/h (relative to the intracellular fluid volume), whereas the rate of sucrose entry by diffusion is more than twice as high [10].
• During Lucifer Yellow staining of mammalian neurons, intracellular recording revealed a prolongation of the action potential that is probably the result of leakage of lithium ions into the intracellular fluid [11].
• Muscimol (50 nmol) injected into the MPO significantly reduced the water intake elicited by intracellular fluid depletion (i.e., hypertonic saline: 2 M, 2 ml/kg bw ip), whereas bicuculline (5 pmol) was without effect [12].
• In the initial phase of secretion (0-5 min), about 50 mmol/min/l intracellular fluid of Na was secreted into the luminal space (estimated from the secretory rate by assuming an isotonic primary secretion) but, in spite of the higher secretion rate, Nain increased only at an initial rate of 4.1 mmol/min/l intracellular fluid [13].

Anatomical context of Intracellular Fluid

• At physiological leucine concentration (11 microM), 1/2 time for outward transport was 88 s and intracellular fluid was cleared of isotopically labelled leucine at 2.3 ml/g dry wt./min; 1/2 time for inward transport was 16 s and interstitial fluid was cleared at 7.5 ml/g dry wt./min [14].

Associations of Intracellular Fluid with chemical compounds

• The rate of leucine influx corresponded quite well with its rate of disappearance from the intracellular fluid, over a wide range of concentrations [14].
• The estimated values of Km for L- and D-carnitine were 2.85 mM and 10.0 mM, respectively; but values of Vmax (1 mumol/min/ml intracellular fluid) were the same for the two isomers [15].
• In vivo, the azithromycin concentration was 45.2 +/- 6.1 mg/liter of intracellular fluid at 2 h after the third dose and 36.6 +/- 8.3 mg/liter at 1 week thereafter [16].
• The calculated decrease in intracellular fluid volume was equivalent when mannitol was retained or excreted [17].
• No detectable amount of gadolinium-DTPA was found to enter the intracellular fluid space, and all magnetization decay plots obtained from both intracellular constituents and complete RBC suspensions consisted of a single exponential [18].

Gene context of Intracellular Fluid

• It is concluded that there is no interaction either between the plasma osmolality and prolactin secretion or between the plasma prolactin levels and the amount of water drunk in response to intracellular fluid deficits [19].
• The change in the extracellular fluid space (delta ECF) was estimated from chloride distribution and the change in the intracellular fluid space (delta ICF) was calculated by subtracting delta ECF from delta TW [20].
• We conclude that subjects with normal renin hypertension compared with age-matched peers are characterized by an expanded intracellular fluid and that subjects with low renin hypertension do not exhibit a unique volume disorder [1].
• An influx of calcium from the extracellular to the intracellular fluid seems to be involved in but is not the sole cause of hypoxia-induced hepatic injury [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Intracellular Fluid

• After treatment with lithium the values in the apathetic group showed little change but the group with recurrent depression showed a significant increase in intracellular fluid (p less than 0.025), Ke (p less than 0.001), intracellular potassium (p less than 0.025) and a significant decrease in Nae (p less than 0.05) [22].
• The extraordinary capacity of phytate (myo-inositol hexaphosphate), a substance present in blood, urine, interstitial and intracellular fluids, to inhibit crystallization of calcium salts (oxalate and phosphate) is discussed [23].
• It is suggested that hemodialysis is the treatment of choice and should not be delayed, especially in severe toxic states and a daily 10 hours hemodialysis is needed to prevent the rebound effect as lithium in intracellular fluid equilibrates with extracellular fluid [24].

References