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Prl  -  prolactin

Rattus norvegicus

Synonyms: PRL, PRLB, PRLSD1, Prl1a1, Prol, ...
 
 
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Disease relevance of Prl

 

Psychiatry related information on Prl

 

High impact information on Prl

 

Chemical compound and disease context of Prl

 

Biological context of Prl

 

Anatomical context of Prl

 

Associations of Prl with chemical compounds

  • Concomitant treatment with GnRH inhibited progesterone, but increased 20 alpha-OH-P production stimulated by Prl or terbutaline [23].
  • Subsequent treatment for 2 days with Prl, terbutaline (a beta 2-adrenergic agonist) or hCG stimulated the production of progesterone, 20 alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20 alpha-OH-P), pregnenolone and the activity of 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3 beta-HSD) [23].
  • In pituitary lactotrophs the prolactin gene is stimulated by neuropeptides and estrogen and is suppressed by dopamine via D2-type receptors [25].
  • Here we show that in prolactin-secreting GH4ZR7 cells and primary pituitary cells, dopamine treatment leads to a rapid, pronounced, and specific decrease in activated ERK1/2 [25].
  • Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced spike and plateau in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations in pituitary cells. Relation to prolactin release [26].
 

Physical interactions of Prl

  • Only when leptin was infused into the median eminence-arcuate nucleus complex was PRL secretion also stimulated, although its onset was 1 h behind that of LH [27].
  • Interaction of prolactin (PRL) binding sites with PRL receptor antibodies in rat liver cells in suspension culture: effect of inhibitors of cellular functions [28].
  • A composite Ets/Pit-1 binding site in the prolactin gene can mediate transcriptional responses to multiple signal transduction pathways [29].
  • TRH stimulation appears to be coupled to PRL secretion, at least in part, by elevation of the concentration of Ca2+ free in the cytoplasm [( Ca2+]i) [30].
  • The partially purified snake prolactin-like substance was also capable of displacing the binding of 125I-labelled ovine prolactin to snake kidney and large intestine membranes [31].
 

Enzymatic interactions of Prl

 

Co-localisations of Prl

  • Vesicles containing non-secreted, internalized prolactin did not colocalize with DiI-LDL that had been chased into lysosomes but did transiently colocalize with internalized transferrin [33].
 

Regulatory relationships of Prl

  • Both dopamine and U0126 enhance the nuclear localization of ERF, a MAPK-sensitive ETS repressor that inhibits prolactin promoter activity [25].
  • Taken together, these data provide evidence for a role of multiple PKC isozymes in mediating both EGF and TRH stimulated PRL gene transcription [34].
  • Oxytocin mediates the hypothalamic action of vasoactive intestinal peptide to stimulate prolactin secretion [35].
  • Neuropeptide Y suppresses prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells: evidence for interactions with dopamine through inhibitory coupling to calcium entry [36].
  • Furthermore, we have shown for the first time that decidual PRL may act locally to activate the Jak2/Stat5 pathway and up-regulate important genes involved in decidual growth and placentation [37].
 

Other interactions of Prl

  • The biphasic nature of TRH action on [Ca2+]i parallels the biphasic actions of TRH on 45Ca2+ fluxes and the biphasic release of PRL by GH cells in suspension [26].
  • Polymerase chain reaction amplification of genomic DNA prepared from PRL-dependent and -independent cell lines suggests that this form of PRL-R results from a deletion in the PRL-R gene [1].
  • Under these conditions, prolactin mRNA was only slightly (4-fold) increased by EGF [21].
  • Surprisingly, prolactin stimulated a sustained activation of Raf-B, without activation of the MAP kinases ERK1 or -2 [20].
  • Activation of Go-coupled dopamine D2 receptors inhibits ERK1/ERK2 in pituitary cells. A key step in the transcriptional suppression of the prolactin gene [25].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Prl

References

  1. A prolactin-dependent immune cell line (Nb2) expresses a mutant form of prolactin receptor. Ali, S., Pellegrini, I., Kelly, P.A. J. Biol. Chem. (1991) [Pubmed]
  2. Analysis of the role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase in mediating cyclic-adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate effects on prolactin promoter activity. Kievit, P., Lauten, J.D., Maurer, R.A. Mol. Endocrinol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  3. Regulation of Ca2+-dependent cyclic AMP accumulation and Ca2+ metabolism in intact pituitary tumor cells by modulators of prolactin production. Brostrom, M.A., Brostrom, C.O., Brotman, L.A., Green, S.S. Mol. Pharmacol. (1983) [Pubmed]
  4. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide antiserum affects rat prolactin mRNA in 40-day but not 110-day diethylstilbestrol-induced prolactinoma tissue. Maas, D.L., Meier, D.A., Wahle, J.S., Martinson, D.R., Hagen, T.C. Mol. Cell. Neurosci. (1994) [Pubmed]
  5. Prolactin prevents acute stress-induced hypocalcemia and ulcerogenesis by acting in the brain of rat. Fujikawa, T., Soya, H., Tamashiro, K.L., Sakai, R.R., McEwen, B.S., Nakai, N., Ogata, M., Suzuki, I., Nakashima, K. Endocrinology (2004) [Pubmed]
  6. Development of anti-PRL (prolactin) autoantibodies by homologous PRL in rats: a model for macroprolactinemia. Hattori, N., Nakayama, Y., Kitagawa, K., Li, T., Inagaki, C. Endocrinology (2007) [Pubmed]
  7. Induction of brain prolactin receptor long-form mRNA expression and maternal behavior in pup-contacted male rats: promotion by prolactin administration and suppression by female contact. Sakaguchi, K., Tanaka, M., Ohkubo, T., Doh-ura, K., Fujikawa, T., Sudo, S., Nakashima, K. Neuroendocrinology (1996) [Pubmed]
  8. Melatonin affects the oxytocin and prolactin responses to stress in male rats. Juszczak, M. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  9. Direct action of serotonin on prolactin, growth hormone, corticotropin and luteinizing hormone release in cocultures of anterior and posterior pituitary lobes: autocrine and/or paracrine action of vasoactive intestinal peptide. Balsa, J.A., Sánchez-Franco, F., Pazos, F., Lara, J.I., Lorenzo, M.J., Maldonado, G., Cacicedo, L. Neuroendocrinology (1998) [Pubmed]
  10. Influence of exogenously administered oxytocin on the corticosterone and prolactin response to psychological stress. Muir, J.L., Pfister, H.P. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. (1988) [Pubmed]
  11. Exogenous oxytocin attenuates suckling-induced prolactin release but not maternal or infant behavior in lactating rats. Yamamuro, Y., Sensui, N. Physiol. Behav. (1998) [Pubmed]
  12. Prolactin and breast cancer. Sherman, L. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. (1975) [Pubmed]
  13. A tissue-specific transcription factor containing a homeodomain specifies a pituitary phenotype. Ingraham, H.A., Chen, R.P., Mangalam, H.J., Elsholtz, H.P., Flynn, S.E., Lin, C.R., Simmons, D.M., Swanson, L., Rosenfeld, M.G. Cell (1988) [Pubmed]
  14. Steroid receptor-mediated inhibition of rat prolactin gene expression does not require the receptor DNA-binding domain. Adler, S., Waterman, M.L., He, X., Rosenfeld, M.G. Cell (1988) [Pubmed]
  15. Miscleavage at the presequence of rat preprolactin synthesized in pituitary cells incubated with a threonine analog. Hortin, G., Boime, I. Cell (1981) [Pubmed]
  16. Energy metabolism in rat pituitary tumors during stimulation of prolactin by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and thyrotropin-releasing hormone: a study with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Prysor-Jones, R.A., Silverlight, J.J., Jenkins, J.S., Maxwell, R., Griffiths, J.R. Endocrinology (1986) [Pubmed]
  17. An analogue of creatine increases TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat pituitary tumor cells. Prysor-Jones, R.A., Silverlight, J.J., Whitley, G.S., Jenkins, J.S. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. (1988) [Pubmed]
  18. Cloning and characterization of an ovarian-specific protein that associates with the short form of the prolactin receptor. Duan, W.R., Linzer, D.I., Gibori, G. J. Biol. Chem. (1996) [Pubmed]
  19. Suppression of Prolactin-Induced Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5b Signaling and Induction of Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in the Hypothalamic Arcuate Nucleus of the Rat during Late Pregnancy and Lactation. Anderson, G.M., Beijer, P., Bang, A.S., Fenwick, M.A., Bunn, S.J., Grattan, D.R. Endocrinology (2006) [Pubmed]
  20. Prolactin-induced cell proliferation in PC12 cells depends on JNK but not ERK activation. Cheng, Y., Zhizhin, I., Perlman, R.L., Mangoura, D. J. Biol. Chem. (2000) [Pubmed]
  21. Epidermal growth factor and thyrotropin-releasing hormone interact synergistically with calcium to regulate prolactin mRNA levels. White, B.A., Bancroft, F.C. J. Biol. Chem. (1983) [Pubmed]
  22. Fibroblast growth factors regulate prolactin transcription via an atypical Rac-dependent signaling pathway. Jackson, T.A., Koterwas, D.M., Morgan, M.A., Bradford, A.P. Mol. Endocrinol. (2003) [Pubmed]
  23. Regulation of progestin biosynthetic enzymes in cultured rat granulosa cells: effects of prolactin, beta 2-adrenergic agonist, human chorionic gonadotropin and gonadotropin releasing hormone. Jones, P.B., Valk, C.A., Hsueh, A.J. Biol. Reprod. (1983) [Pubmed]
  24. Induction of relaxin messenger RNA expression in response to prolactin receptor activation requires protein kinase C delta signaling. Peters, C.A., Maizels, E.T., Robertson, M.C., Shiu, R.P., Soloff, M.S., Hunzicker-Dunn, M. Mol. Endocrinol. (2000) [Pubmed]
  25. Activation of Go-coupled dopamine D2 receptors inhibits ERK1/ERK2 in pituitary cells. A key step in the transcriptional suppression of the prolactin gene. Liu, J.C., Baker, R.E., Sun, C., Sundmark, V.C., Elsholtz, H.P. J. Biol. Chem. (2002) [Pubmed]
  26. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced spike and plateau in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentrations in pituitary cells. Relation to prolactin release. Albert, P.R., Tashjian, A.H. J. Biol. Chem. (1984) [Pubmed]
  27. Leptin directly acts within the hypothalamus to stimulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion in vivo in rats. Watanobe, H. J. Physiol. (Lond.) (2002) [Pubmed]
  28. Interaction of prolactin (PRL) binding sites with PRL receptor antibodies in rat liver cells in suspension culture: effect of inhibitors of cellular functions. Ferland, L.H., Rosa, A.A., Kelly, P.A. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. (1984) [Pubmed]
  29. A composite Ets/Pit-1 binding site in the prolactin gene can mediate transcriptional responses to multiple signal transduction pathways. Howard, P.W., Maurer, R.A. J. Biol. Chem. (1995) [Pubmed]
  30. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulates biphasic elevation of cytoplasmic free calcium in GH3 cells. Further evidence that TRH mobilizes cellular and extracellular Ca2+. Gershengorn, M.C., Thaw, C. Endocrinology (1985) [Pubmed]
  31. Partial purification of prolactin-like substance from snake (Ptyas mucosa) pituitaries. Ng, T.B., Lee, H.M., Cheng, C.H., Wong, C.C. Endocrinol. Jpn. (1990) [Pubmed]
  32. Cathepsin D released by lactating rat mammary epithelial cells is involved in prolactin cleavage under physiological conditions. Lkhider, M., Castino, R., Bouguyon, E., Isidoro, C., Ollivier-Bousquet, M. J. Cell. Sci. (2004) [Pubmed]
  33. Retention and stimulus-dependent recycling of dense core vesicle content in neuroendocrine cells. Bauer, R.A., Overlease, R.L., Lieber, J.L., Angleson, J.K. J. Cell. Sci. (2004) [Pubmed]
  34. Role of specific protein kinase C isozymes in mediating epidermal growth factor, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, and phorbol ester regulation of the rat prolactin promoter in GH4/GH4C1 pituitary cells. Pickett, C.A., Manning, N., Akita, Y., Gutierrez-Hartmann, A. Mol. Endocrinol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  35. Oxytocin mediates the hypothalamic action of vasoactive intestinal peptide to stimulate prolactin secretion. Samson, W.K., Bianchi, R., Mogg, R.J., Rivier, J., Vale, W., Melin, P. Endocrinology (1989) [Pubmed]
  36. Neuropeptide Y suppresses prolactin secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells: evidence for interactions with dopamine through inhibitory coupling to calcium entry. Wang, J., Ciofi, P., Crowley, W.R. Endocrinology (1996) [Pubmed]
  37. Characterization of a rat uterine cell line, U(III) cells: prolactin (PRL) expression and endogenous regulation of PRL-dependent genes; estrogen receptor beta, alpha(2)-macroglobulin, and decidual PRL involving the Jak2 and Stat5 pathway. Prigent-Tessier, A., Barkai, U., Tessier, C., Cohen, H., Gibori, G. Endocrinology (2001) [Pubmed]
  38. Prolactin-releasing activity of neurohypophysial hormones: structure-function relationship. Liu, J.W., Ben-Jonathan, N. Endocrinology (1994) [Pubmed]
 
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