Disease relevance of Extracellular Fluid

• Myocardial infarction was associated with the release of FN fragments into cardiac extracellular fluids [1].
• The interstitial fluid of MTW9A and Walker carcinomas and their ethanol extract induced strong angiogenic response in the rabbit (New Zealand White) corneal test [2].
• The kidneys "escape" from the Na-retaining effects of aldosterone when circulating levels of aldosterone are inappropriately elevated in the setting of normal or expanded extracellular fluid volume, e.g., in primary aldosteronism [3].
• These results indicated the existence of an IgM-containing macromolecular complex with an anti-CEA cross-reactive substance in the extracellular fluid of human pancreatic cancer [4].
• These findings suggest that intestinal ischemia reduces the diamine oxidase content in the intestinal mucosa by desquamation of the surface epithelial cells and by releasing the enzyme into the intestinal interstitial fluid, from which at least a portion is transported to the blood via the lymphatics [5].

Psychiatry related information on Extracellular Fluid

• These observations support the hypothesis that Abeta is deposited in periarterial interstitial fluid drainage pathways of the brain and contributes significantly to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease [6].
• Antecedent RH improved task performance (79 +/- 2% alternation in nondiabetic RH animals vs. 63 +/- 3% in controls; P < 0.001) at euglycemia, accompanied by reversal of the task-associated dip (20 +/- 1% below baseline) in hippocampal extracellular fluid (ECF) glucose seen in control animals [7].
• A successfully developed enzyme-based lactate microsensor with rapid response time allows the direct and continuous in vivo measurement of lactic acid concentration with high temporal resolution in brain extracellular fluid [8].
• From these results, it was shown that the locomotor activity induced by MPD may be related to the increase of DA level in the extracellular fluid, and the degree of increase of the DA level by (+)-MPD was greater than that of the (-)-isomer [9].
• Because low ascorbate in striatal extracellular fluid may contribute to Huntington's disease symptoms, all animals received an injection of either 300 mg/kg sodium ascorbate or vehicle for three consecutive days prior to each recording session [10].

High impact information on Extracellular Fluid

• Since tissue kallikreins are widely distributed in tissues, and since lymph and interstitial fluid contains kininogen (271), a local milieu for potential kinin formation is always present [11].
• The major ones, however, are the circulating amounts of parathyroid hormone (the secretion of which is stimulated by low serum calcium), serum or extracellular fluid phosphorus concentrations, circulating levels of 1,25(OH)2D3 itself, and perhaps serum calcium directly [12].
• Cystatin C is a human cysteine proteinase inhibitor present in extracellular fluids [13].
• The 50-amino-acid TGF-alpha sequence in proTGF-alpha is exposed to the fluid extracellular phase where it can be released after cleavage by the appropriate enzyme [14].
• We recently hypothesized that the Sertoli cell might be the source of a luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)-like factor which we detected in the interstitial fluid surrounding the Leydig cells [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Extracellular Fluid

• For example, indiscriminate treatment with 0.45% saline cannot be recommended when these conditions coexist because extracellular fluid volume depletion is often treated rapidly with 0.9% saline and dehydration is often treated more slowly with 5% dextrose [16].
• Renal hypoprostaglandism may have a pathogenic role in this syndrome by enhancing chloride reabsorption in the ascending limb of Henle leading to extracellular fluid volume expansion, hypertension, and suppression of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis [17].
• These results show that GS is a potent neuroprotectant and that elevation of GS expression in glial cells activates an endogenous mechanism whereby neurons are protected from the deleterious effects of excess glutamate in extracellular fluid after trauma or ischemia [18].
• The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of ischemic preconditioning on the changes in interstitial fluid (ISF) purine metabolites and lactate during prolonged regional myocardial ischemia [19].
• Calculated interstitial fluid concentrations of adenosine deaminase ranged between 71 and 272 U/ml and were at least one order of magnitude greater than that required to deaminate all the adenosine which would be released into the interstitium in response to 15-30 seconds of coronary occlusion [20].

Biological context of Extracellular Fluid

• Peptides from endogenous proteins are presented by major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, but antigens (Ags) in the extracellular fluids are generally not [21].
• This phenotype is not associated with apparent changes in calcium and phosphate homeostasis, but with a decreased inhibitory activity of the Ahsg-deficient extracellular fluid on mineral formation [22].
• Infusion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) increases the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and ANP is released from cardiac myocytes in response to extracellular fluid volume expansion [23].
• These studies implicate the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter NKCC1 in hearing, salivation, pain perception, spermatogenesis, and the control of extracellular fluid volume [24].
• We tested this hypothesis by measuring coronary blood flow, myocardial oxygen consumption, and the concentration of adenosine in pericardial infusates, an index of interstitial fluid adenosine concentration, during six experimental conditions and control states in anesthetized, open-chest dogs [25].

Anatomical context of Extracellular Fluid

• Clearance of extracellular fluid did not prevent the spread of depression, and depression could not be induced by increasing the Ca2+ concentration in a nearby myocyte not in contact with the presynaptic neuron [26].
• These results indicate that cytokines capable of promoting neutrophil-myocyte adhesion occur in extracellular fluid during reperfusion of ischemic myocardium, and that one of these cytokines is IL-6 [27].
• By sampling dermal interstitial fluid using a suction blister device, we show that CTGF levels are greatly elevated in the dermis of scleroderma patients compared with healthy controls and that Iloprost infusion causes a marked decrease in dermal CTGF levels [28].
• Because little is known about the release of basic fibroblast growth factor from brain tumours into extracellular fluids, we tested cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 26 children and young adults with brain tumours and 18 controls for basic fibroblast growth factor and for proliferative activity on cultured capillary endothelial cells [29].
• BACKGROUND: We have previously demonstrated that angiotensin II (Ang II) levels in the interstitial fluid (ISF) space of the heart are higher than in the blood plasma and do not change after systemic infusion of Ang I [30].

Associations of Extracellular Fluid with chemical compounds

• Hydrogen ions gain access to this region of the sodium channel (and hence determine the relative local concentration of protonated drug) more readily from the extracellular fluid than from the axoplasm (Schwarz et al 1977) [31].
• On the basis of the known concentration of glutamate in the extracellular fluid, this tonic action is likely caused by the ambient glutamate level [32].
• Apolipoprotein E is synthesized in various organs, including liver, brain, spleen, and kidney, and is present in high concentrations in interstitial fluid, where it appears to participate in cholesterol redistribution from cells with excess cholesterol to those requiring cholesterol [33].
• The somewhat greater antihypertensive effectiveness of hydrochlorothiazide may be related to its longer action permitting a more continuous diuretic effect and, hence, maintenance of reduced extracellular fluid volume throughout the 24-hour period [34].
• The three plasma proteins may together constitute a system for linkage and transport of peptides with reactive thiols or disulfides released into the extracellular fluids [35].

Gene context of Extracellular Fluid

• These findings led us to postulate that poor activation of LCAT in interstitial fluid may result from a change in conformation in apoA-I [36].
• Insulin-like growth factor I and II (IGF-I and IGF-II) associate with specific IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs) present in plasma and extracellular fluids that can modulate the anabolic effects of these peptides [37].
• We conclude that a form of IGF binding protein that is present in extracellular fluids and is secreted by many types of cells can markedly potentiate the cellular response to IGF-I [38].
• Thus, NEP maintains low levels of SP in the extracellular fluid under basal conditions and terminates its proinflammatory effects [39].
• In contrast to IL-1 alpha but similar to TNF, IL-6 was almost entirely secreted into the extracellular fluid [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Extracellular Fluid

• Utilizing in vivo microdialysis concurrently with field potential recordings, we demonstrate that Abeta levels in the brain interstitial fluid are dynamically and directly influenced by synaptic activity on a timescale of minutes to hours [41].
• Changes is tubular reabsorption of uric acid in response to alterations in the extracellular fluid volume (ECFV) were examined in rats by clearance studies and by direct intratubular microinjections [42].
• After intravenous injection sodium stibogluconate seemed to be distributed throughout the extracellular fluid and to have a renal clearance similar to that of inulin [43].
• During perfusion of artificial extracellular fluid into the VTA, injections of 0.74 microgram of the excitatory amino acid NMDA into the VS elevated accumbens DA to >150% of basal values [44].
• Dexamethasone reduces the interstitial fluid pressure in a human colon adenocarcinoma xenograft [45].

References