Disease relevance of Food Poisoning

• Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin is the major virulence factor involved in the pathogenesis of C. perfringens type A food poisoning and several non-food-borne human gastrointestinal illnesses [1].
• Bacillus cereus causes exotoxin-mediated diarrheal food poisoning [2].
• In Salmonella Enteritidis, the major serotype isolated from food-poisoning in Japan, only resistance to dihydrostreptomycin was observed [3].
• Isolation of histamine-producing Lactobacillus buchneri from Swiss cheese implicated in a food poisoning outbreak [4].
• Comparative description of Pseudomonas cocovenenans (van Damme, Johannes, Cox, and Berends 1960) NCIB 9450T and strains isolated from cases of food poisoning caused by consumption of fermented corn flour in China [5].

High impact information on Food Poisoning

• Food poisoning following consumption of clenbuterol-treated veal in Italy [6].
• 9. It is presumed to be the enterotoxin responsible for the diarrheal-type B. cereus food poisoning syndrome and it may also be the pyogenic and pyrogenic factor in nongastrointestinal B. cereus infections of man and animals [7].
• Clostridium perfringens is a source of food poisoning in humans and animals because of production of a potent enterotoxin (CPE) [8].
• A passive bacteriocin typing system was developed for use as an epidemiologic tool to study outbreaks of food poisoning caused by Clostridium perfringens type A. The 90 strains tested were from England, the United States, India, Japan, France, and Canada. Forty of 74 strains produced bacteriocin when irradiated with ultraviolet light for 40-90 sec [9].
• Results of this study clearly indicate that SEH was also present in the raw material of reconstituted milk, indicating that the food poisoning was caused by multiple staphylococcal enterotoxins [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Food Poisoning

• Bongkrekic acid causes fatal food poisoning which is associated with hyperglycaemia [11].
• In this study 23 ampicillin-resistant Salmonella strains, consecutively isolated from patients with epidemiologically unrelated cases of food poisoning, were investigated [12].
• Domoic acid (Dom), a rigid analog of the excitotoxic amino acids, glutamate and kainic acid, is believed to be the mussel neurotoxin responsible for a recent food poisoning incident in Canada that killed some people and left others with memory impairment [13].
• More than 2,000 confirmed cases of food poisoning occurred in the four Atlantic provinces of Canada and in Ontario during the second and third quarters of 1984 [14].
• Human exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls, quaterphenyls, and dibenzofurans occurred in an accidental food poisoning episode in Taiwan in 1979 [15].

Biological context of Food Poisoning

• These findings with North American isolates provide important new evidence that, regardless of geographic origin or date of isolation, plasmid cpe isolates cause most CPE-associated AAD cases and chromosomal cpe isolates cause most C. perfringens type A food poisoning cases [16].
• The transcriptional activity of the cytK promoter region in a food-poisoning strain was studied using a reporter gene and compared with that in the reference B. cereus strain ATCC 14579 [17].
• Haemolysin BL (HBL), a three-component enterotoxic/necrotizing/vascular permeability toxin, is a likely virulence factor of Bacillus cereus diarrhoeal food poisoning and necrotic infections [18].
• Proper disinfection is necessary to control this type of food poisoning, as it is now clear that only kitchen strains of C. perfringens are able to produce the large amounts of enterotoxin necessary to cause food poisoning (Granum, 1990; Cornillot et al., 1995) [19].
• These results have verified the general notion that C. perfringens food poisoning should be categorized as a true "intravital intoxication". The reversed passive hemagglutination test detected enterotoxin directly in most fecal samples [20].

Anatomical context of Food Poisoning

• The excretion in the feces of Clostridium perfringens producing enterotoxin by 48 patients in 3 cases of food poisoning was studied during the illness and 1 and 3 months after the onset [21].

Gene context of Food Poisoning

• Comparison of cytotoxin cytK promoters from Bacillus cereus strain ATCC 14579 and from a B. cereus food-poisoning strain [17].
• These results indicate that angH is essential for histamine biosynthesis in V. anguillarum, a compound responsible for food poisoning and potentially involved in bacterial virulence [22].
• Superantigens, such as staphylococcal enterotoxins (SE), cause food poisoning and shock, which is mediated at least in part by TNF [23].
• This phage typing scheme can be a valuable epidemiological tool in tracing the origins of food poisoning caused by B. cereus [24].
• TPN or intravenous food poisoning [25]?

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Food Poisoning

• By using counterimmunoelectrophoresis (CIEP), Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin was successfully demonstrated in fecal samples collected within 1 day of attack from sick individuals involved in a bacteriologically and epidemiologically proven outbreak of C. perfringens food poisoning [26].
• The detailed structural elements revealed by the sequence analysis are presented and used to develop a new perspective on the molecular basis of enterotoxin production in this important food-poisoning bacterium [27].
• PCR identification of the plasmid-borne enterotoxin gene (cpe) in Clostridium perfringens strains isolated from food poisoning outbreaks [28].
• New tools such as agglutination test with antispore serum, precipitin-in-gel test with anti-enterotoxin serum, active and passive bacteriocin, bacteriophage and biotyping have been developed using standard strains and isolates of c. perfringens type A from foods, food poisoning and others [29].
• Bacteriocin typing, plasmid profiling and ribotyping were used to type 34 food and patient Clostridium perfringens isolates from 10 food poisoning cases, respectively, outbreaks [30].

References