Disease relevance of TMU

• A series of derivatives of tetramethylurea, a known inducer of the differentiation of Friend erythroleukemia cells, has been synthesized and tested for its capacity to induce erythroid maturation, as measured by the synthesis of hemoglobin [1].
• Inhalation toxicity of tetramethylurea in rats [2].

High impact information on TMU

• In solid phase assays a low concentration (0.05 M) of tetramethylurea abolished P. aeruginosa bacterial binding to both mucins as well as to BSA, whereas in solution phase assays mucin binding to bacteria was not completely disrupted by tetramethylurea [3].
• Several organic solvents were analyzed, and luciferase reporter gene expression was observed after intrapulmonary delivery of solvoplexes containing DPSO (di-n-propylsulfoxide), TMU (tetramethylurea), or BMSO (butylmethylsulfoxide) [4].
• Under APCI or ESI, the basic TMU dopant is protonated preferentially, and the labile protonated TMU then undergoes dissociation to (CH3)2NCO+, the least acidic and the most transacetalization-reactive acylium ion so far tested [5].
• These bands were partially or completely displaced by nonradiolabeled respiratory mucin glycopeptides but not by tetramethylurea, suggesting that they recognized carbohydrate sites [6].
• Virulent bacteria bound to polystyrene through hydrophobic interactions that could be disrupted by treating the organisms with tetramethyl urea [7].

Chemical compound and disease context of TMU

• Other inducers of differentiation (i.e., dimethylformamide, bis(acetyl)diaminopentane) also inhibited the rate of wheat germ agglutinin-induced agglutination of erythroleukemia cells while, in contrast, the inducer tetramethylurea did not [8].

Biological context of TMU

• In contrast, tetramethylurea-soluble apolipoprotein distribution was unaffected by litter size [9].
• In this work, the gelation kinetics and fractal character of lysozyme gel matrices developed in tetramethylurea (TMU)-water media were investigated [10].
• The developmental toxicity of tetramethylurea (TMU) was assessed in rats by inhalation exposure of the test material over days 6-20 of gestation [11].

Anatomical context of TMU

• The hydrophobic bond-breaking agent tetramethylurea was unable to inhibit the adherence of A. pleuropneumoniae to alveolar epithelial cells [12].

Associations of TMU with other chemical compounds

• Purified A-I and A-II standards were stable for at least 6 months before any change in immunoreactivity was detected if stored at 4 degrees C at concentrations of 0.06-0.24 mg/ml for A-I and 0.016-0.064 mg/dl for A-II in 0.84 M tetramethylurea, 6.4 M urea, and 8 mM Tris-hydrocholoride, pH 8 [13].
• Plasma lipids were measured using enzymatic methodologies, while the use of a recently described density gradient ultracentrifugation technique allowed detailed examination of lipoprotein composition and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of lipoproteins and tetramethylurea-soluble apoproteins in the fractions [14].
• DBA2/J mice were inoculated with Friend leukaemia cells grown in tissue culture and at various times thereafter were treated with either N-methylacetamide, dimethylacetamide, or tetramethylurea [15].
• Pretreatment consisted either of delipidation with an ether/ethanol mixture or tetramethyl urea, or of denaturation by heating the sera to 52 degree C for 3 hours [16].
• The ligand substitution reaction of [Co(an)6]2+ (an = acetonitrile) with 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea (TMU) in the noncoordinating solvent, nitromethane, was spectrophotometrically investigated by titration [17].

Gene context of TMU

• Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the native fractions showed multiple bands in most of them; the tetramethylurea-soluble apoprotein profile remained similar at the two dates considered with an apolipoprotein A-I-like component present in large amounts throughout the entire low- and high-density ranges [18].
• Delipidation with ether/ethanol produced a decrease of apolipoprotein A-I values in both methods as compared to treatment with tetramethyl urea [16].
• Treatment of MAC 15j cells grown on a released collagen matrix with tetramethyl-urea (20mM) accelerated the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity at the apical surface as detected by microscopy [19].
• 3. Tetramethylurea precipitated an apoprotein from guinea-pig serum lipoproteins that is probably the apolipoprotein B-like component [20].
• These results, those from immunoelectrophoresis, N-terminal analysis, and measurements of tetramethylurea-soluble apoproteins discounted the possibility that the presence of bands with molecular weights below 250,000 could be caused by contamination with VLDL or HDL or nonspecific proteolysis [21].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of TMU

• The B apoprotein separated from other apoproteins by delipidation and selective precipitation with tetramethylurea could not be distinguished from B apoprotein prepared by the conventional gel filtration technique [22].
• These findings suggest that some apolipoprotein B in vary low density lipoprotein is not "recognised" by anti-apolipoprotein B antibodies, hence radioimmunoassay results are lower than those obtained with the tetramethylurea extraction method [23].
• The gelation process of lysozyme in water/tetramethylurea in the presence of salt was investigated as a function of temperature and system composition by rheology, infrared spectroscopy, and microcalorimetry [24].
• The discrepancies persisted after treatment of serum and isolated fractions with tetramethylurea, urea (9 mol/l), and by heating at 52 degrees C for 3 hours [25].
• Production or transport of B and C apoproteins in nephrotic rats was also reduced, as indicated by tetramethylurea solubility, incorporation of intraduodenally infused [3H]leucine and staining of the chylomicron proteins on SDS-PAGE gels [26].

References