Disease relevance of Inhalation

• Direct skin testing, passive transfer of IgE antibodies, antigen-mediated histamine release from peripheral blood leukocytes and airway obstruction in response to inhalation challenge indicated IgE-mediated, Type I hypersensitivity [1].
• Manifestations of cellular and humoral hypersensitivity to cromolyn sodium were sought in six asthmatic patients suspected of having acute (three cases) or subacute (three cases) adverse reactions to cromolyn inhalation [2].
• Myocardial infarction after inhalation of methamphetamine [3].
• The inhalation of methoxamine enhanced exercise performance in patients with chronic left ventricular dysfunction [4].
• Pneumopericardium from cocaine inhalation [5].

Psychiatry related information on Inhalation

• Regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by the xenon 133 inhalation method in 20 patients with senile and presenile dementia, and values were compared with flow data obtained in a series of 44 age-matched normal controls [6].
• CONCLUSIONS: The findings confirm the greater behavioral and physiological sensitivity of patients with panic disorder to CO2 inhalation and identify a series of respiratory abnormalities [7].
• Cerebral blood flow during delirium tremens and related clinical states studied with xenon-133 inhalation tomography [8].
• A randomized, between-groups, repeated measures design was used to evaluate changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), rating scales, and physiologic indices under resting conditions, during 5% CO2 inhalation in combination with epinephrine or saline infusions, in generalized anxiety disorder patients and controls [9].
• Eleven patients with left hemispheric ischemic strokes and 13 with right hemispheric ischemic strokes were studied with the xenon-133 inhalation technique and neuropsychological tests [10].

High impact information on Inhalation

• These deficits persisted after inhalation of albuterol [11].
• A total of 417 adults with influenza-like illness of < or =48 hours' duration were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 6.4 mg of zanamivir by intranasal spray plus 10 mg by inhalation, 10 mg of zanamivir by inhalation plus placebo spray, or placebo by both routes [12].
• Hemodynamic variables, gas exchange, and ventilation-perfusion distributions were measured by means of multiple inert-gas-elimination techniques during nitric oxide inhalation; the results were compared with those obtained during intravenous infusion of prostacyclin [13].
• In a multicenter trial we compared three inhalation regimens in which a beta 2-agonist (terbutaline, 2000 micrograms daily) was combined with a corticosteroid (beclomethasone, 800 micrograms daily), an anticholinergic bronchodilator (ipratropium bromide, 160 micrograms daily), or placebo [14].
• There was a significant increase in FEV1 one hour after the inhalation of salmeterol (P = 0.006), which did not differ significantly on days 0, 28, and 56 of the treatment period (increase, 9.8, 9.4, and 8.8 percent of predicted FEV1, respectively; P = 0.91) [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Inhalation

• Inhaled nitrite elicited a rapid and sustained reduction ( approximately 65%) in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension, with a magnitude approaching that of the effects of 20 p.p.m. NO gas inhalation [16].
• The methacholine chloride inhalation challenge is a simple and useful laboratory test to diagnose bronchial hyperreactivity [17].
• The response of these subjects to inhalation of LTD was not altered by ingestion of aspirin, suggesting that the airway obstruction was not mediated by cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid [18].
• Bronchospasm was induced by inhalation of aerosolized methacholine [19].
• Conclusions were: (a) hyperventilation in response to CO inhalation is not mediated by the carotid bodies; (b) the delayed hyperpnea in response to CO inhalation is primarily due to brain-cerebrospinal fluid acidosis; (c) mobilization of body CO2 stores due to the circulatory response to CO may obscure an initial depression of ventilation by CO [20].

Biological context of Inhalation

• High systemic bioavailability of testosterone was also achieved by inhalation delivery of porous particles with a mean diameter (20 micrometers) approximately 10 times that of conventional inhaled therapeutic particles [21].
• Maximum responses (mean +/- SE) of respiratory resistance, forced vital capacity, and forced expiratory volume were 71% +/- 3%, 117% +/- 5%, and 118% +/- 1% of initial values, respectively, and were similar to the effects of additional albuterol inhalation [22].
• Inhibition of T cell and antibody responses to house dust mite allergen by inhalation of the dominant T cell epitope in naive and sensitized mice [23].
• In conscious rats previously exposed to 10% O2 for 3 wk, short-term inhalation of NO caused a dose-dependent decrease in pulmonary artery pressure (PAP) from 44 +/- 1 to 32 +/- 1 mmHg at 40 ppm with no changes in systemic arterial pressure, cardiac output, or heart rate [24].
• Consistent with vasoconstriction being the primary mechanism of PHTN, however, acute inhalation of 25 ppm NO resulted in normalization of RV pressure in eNOS-/- mice [25].

Anatomical context of Inhalation

• Tolerance is the usual outcome of inhalation of harmless antigen, yet T helper (Th) type 2 cell sensitization to inhaled allergens induced by dendritic cells (DCs) is common in atopic asthma [26].
• In already sensitized animals, blocking OX40-OX40L interactions at the time of inhalation of aerosolized antigen suppressed memory effector accumulation in lung draining lymph nodes and lung, and prevented eosinophilia, airway hyperreactivity, mucus secretion, and Th2 cyto-kine production [27].
• In mammals, endothelin receptor occur on airway smooth muscle, local storage and release of the peptide have been demonstrated, and inhalation of endothelin-1 induces bronchoconstriction [28].
• In human cirrhosis, there is evidence that there are considerable alterations in fluid and solute exchange in the hepatic and intestinal microcirculations . Experimental cirrhosis was induced in rats by using oral phenobarbitone and carbon tetrachloride inhalation over an 8-wk period [29].
• The aims of this study were to assess esophageal smooth and striated muscle tone and the effect of a smooth muscle relaxant (amyl nitrite, 0.3 mL inhalation) on this tone [30].

Associations of Inhalation with chemical compounds

• In 12 patients, pretreatment with the alpha-adrenergic agonist methoxamine (10 mg by inhalation), a potent vasoconstrictor, fully prevented the methacholine-induced decrease in FEV1 [31].
• Thirty-eight of 114 patients given pentamidine (33 percent) and 7 of 109 given placebo (6 percent) had moderate-to-severe coughing during inhalations (two-tailed P less than 0.00001), which caused 4 patients given pentamidine (3.5 percent) to discontinue taking it [32].
• In group 1, the mean (+/- SD) duration of exercise increased from 293 +/- 136 seconds after the inhalation of placebo to 612 +/- 257 seconds after the inhalation of methoxamine (P = 0.001) [4].
• A similar icatibant-sensitive enhancement of citric acid-evoked cough was seen in untreated animals after prior inhalation of bradykinin, although cough evoked by hypertonic saline was unaffected [33].
• The distribution of gray matter in the two cerebral hemispheres was determined by the xenon-133 inhalation method [34].

Gene context of Inhalation

• In vivo, the significance of IL-10 in regulating responses to repeated A. fumigatus inhalation was strikingly revealed in IL-10-/- outbred mice that had a 50-60% mortality rate, while mortality was rare in similarly treated WT mice [35].
• Here we report that local pharmacological targeting of the C5a receptor (C5aR) prior to initial allergen sensitization in murine models of inhalation tolerance or allergic asthma resulted in either induction or marked enhancement of Th2-polarized immune responses, airway inflammation, and AHR [36].
• In contrast to transgene-negative littermates, inhalation of asbestos by mice expressing the mutant EGFR does not result in early and elevated expression of early response proto-oncogenes (fos/jun or activator protein 1 family members) [37].
• Persistent localization of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2) is epithelial cell-specific in an inhalation model of asbestosis [38].
• SLPI and heparin were co-administered by inhalation in therapy against antigen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in a sheep bronchoprovocation model [39].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Inhalation

• Amyl nitrite inhalation, expressed as change in delta R-R interval/mean arterial pressure decrease, was less in hemodialysis hypotension patients [40].
• A double-blind cross-over trial was carried out to compare the effect of identical placebo with that of salbutamol inhalers used 30 min before inhalation of 100 microgram of beclomethasone dipropionate (B.D.P.) in 18 chronic asthmatics over two consecutive 4-week periods [41].
• In fifteen patients with hyperkalaemic familial periodic paralysis, inhalation of salbutamol alleviated hyperkaleamia and paralysis precipitated by exercise or oral administration of potassium chloride [42].
• Bronchoscopy and bronchial biopsy were done 24 hours after allergen inhalation before and after six weeks of treatment with oral slow-release theophylline, 200 mg 12 hourly [43].
• In 37 patients regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was measured by single photon emission computerised tomography (SPECT) after inhalation of xenon-133 before and within the first 10 days after open heart surgery for acquired or congenital heart disease [44].

References