Disease relevance of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• Ca2+/ phosphatidylserine/sn-1,2 diolein-dependent 32P incorporation catalyzed by excess of purified rat brain protein kinase C in C-protein, TnT and TnI subunits did not show any differences between myofibrils from non-stunned and stunned myocardium [1].

High impact information on GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• These data correlate with the observations that PKC preparations from dorsal and ventral ectoderm differ, the dorsal PKC preparation being more susceptible to activation by TPA and diolein than is the ventral PKC preparation [2].
• In the case of the organic amines, this stability order is identical to the earlier observed permeability sequence for protonated organic amines in glyceryl dioleate bilayers treated with valinomycin, nonactin, or gramicidin, and in bullfrog and rabbit gallbladder membranes [3].
• Glyceryl dioleate had effects on myotubes similar to those of TPA but with a reduced efficacy [4].
• Exposing primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons to 100 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 hr decreases the Ca2+/phosphatidylserine/diolein-dependent protein kinase C (PKC; ATP:protein phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.37) by approximately 90% in the 100,000 x g supernatant and pellet fractions of neuronal culture homogenates [5].
• These enzymes, designated type I, II, and III protein kinase C, all have a molecular weight of 82,000, undergo autophosphorylation in the presence of Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and diolein, and bind [3H]phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate [6].

Biological context of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• This phosphorylation reaction did not require addition of phospholipid, diolein, or calcium [7].
• Basic and acidic FGFs and the diacylglycerol diolein used the same signal transduction pathway to activate pp57 [8].
• Both enzymes hydrolyzed p-nitophenyl butyrate, triolein, and monoolein but not diolein, cholesteryl oleate, or phospholipids; hydrolysis of short-chain fatty acid ester was 30,000-fold more efficient than that of long-chain fatty acid triacylglycerol [9].
• PAK II activated by limited proteolysis has the same substrate specificity as PAK II activated by phospholipids/diolein as shown by two-dimensional finger-printing of tryptic phosphopeptides of histone 1 and ribosomal protein S6, indicating proteolysis did not alter the specificity of the enzyme [10].
• Although synthetic 1,2-diglyceride (diolein) dose dependently stimulated endothelin-1 release, downregulation of protein kinase C after pretreatment with phorbol ester resulted in decreased effects to increase endothelin-1 release by the agonists [11].

Anatomical context of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• Basal, phosphatidylserine-independent, and diolein-independent phosphorylation of cytosolic substrates with molecular weights of 17, 52, 57, and 105 Kd were enhanced in FD/PMA cells grown in PMA as compared with FDC-P1 cells cultured in IL-3 [12].
• Ca2+-activated and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) isolated from rat brain cytosol undergoes autophosphorylation in the presence of Mg2+, ATP, Ca2+, phosphatidylserine, and diolein [13].
• As in other tissues, PKC from lymphoid tissue was phospholipid and Ca2+ dependent and diolein reduced the Ca2+ requirements for enzyme activity [14].
• Two enterocytic differentiated colon carcinoma cell lines, when treated with diolein, exhibited neither increased pp57 tyrosine phosphorylation nor increased growth [15].
• The diolein Km was similar for the two membranes (2.5-4 x 10(-4) M), but the CDP-ethanolamine Km was lower for myelin (3-4 x 10(-5) M) than for microsomes (11 - 13 x 10(-5 M) [16].

Associations of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE with other chemical compounds

• These FGFs, like diolein (Lee, H., Ghose-Dastidar, J., Winawer, S., and Friedman, E. (1993) J. Biol. Chem., 268, 5255-5263), increased the cellular concentration of long-chain diacylglycerols within the same short time period as they increased pp57 tyrosine phosphorylation [8].
• Here we show molecular mechanisms of functional coupling of the two kinases. gammaPKC directly associated with DGKgamma through its accessory domain (AD), depending on Ca(2+) as well as phosphatidylserine/diolein in vitro [17].
• Maximum phosphate incorporation into CB9 in the presence of 1 mM Ca2+, 75 micrograms/ml of phosphatidylserine, 2.5 micrograms/ml of diolein, and 12.5 micrograms/ml of dithiothreitol was 0.53 mol/mol of CB9 in 5 min [18].
• In extracts derived from cells treated with 1,25(OH)2D3, the protein kinase C-dependent phosphorylation of endogenous U937 substrates stimulated by calcium, phosphatidyl serine, and diolein was increased compared to that observed in vehicle-treated cells [19].
• In contrast, replacement of diolein (1,2-dioleoylglycerol) with 13HODE-DAG (1-palmitoyl,2-13HODE-glycerol) in the incubation mixture exerted no effect on total basal PKC activity [20].

Gene context of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• The apparent Km values of partially purified DG kinase were 220 microM for ATP and 540 microM for diolein, respectively [21].
• By enhancing tyrosine phosphorylation of pp57, diolein increased pp57 kinase activity on myelin basic protein [15].
• Addition of phosphatidylserine, diolein, and Ca2+ to the in vitro kinase reaction had no effect on the phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6 [22].
• 3. Immunoblots with an antibody against classical PKCs and the activator profile for phosphatidylserine, diolein and Ca2+ revealed that the PKC from rat kidney, which did not bind to phenylsepharose, was most probably due to a proteolytically-generated, constitutively active PKC which is not under the control of a regulatory subunit [23].
• Incubation of purified Ca2+-ATPase with protein kinase C in the presence of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate or diolein led to a stimulation of Ca2+-dependent ATPase activity [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of GLYCEROL DIOLEATE

• By gel filtration, it was determined that the molecular weight of this enzyme was in the range of 70-80 X 10(3) daltons Furthermore, it was established that at low calcium concentrations, this enzyme was markedly activated by phosphatidylserine in combination with either 4 beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or diolein [25].
• We also found by both 31P NMR and freeze-fraction electron microscopy that diolein destabilized lipid bilayers to a greater extent than did dipalmitin [26].

References