Disease relevance of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• Pure natural products isolated from marine sponges, algae, and cyanobacteria were examined for antioxidant activity using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) solution-based chemical assay and a 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) cellular-based assay [1].

High impact information on Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was assessed using flow cytometry with dihydroethidium and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [2].
• Diazoxide did not evoke superoxide (which dismutates to H2O2) from the respiratory chain by a direct mechanism, and the stimulatory effects of this compound on mitochondrial respiration and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein oxidation were not due to the opening of K(ATP) channels [3].
• However, we found that diazoxide-induced oxidation of the widely used reactive oxygen species indicator 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein in isolated liver and heart mitochondria was observed in the absence of ATP or K+ and therefore independent of K(ATP) channels [3].
• Furthermore, we applied HPF and APF to living cells and found that HPF and APF were resistant to light-induced autoxidation, unlike 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, and for the first time we could visualize (-)OCl generated in stimulated neutrophils [4].
• Properties of the radical intermediate obtained on oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, a probe for oxidative stress [5].

Biological context of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• The addition of phenol, dimethyl sulfoxide, or 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCDHF-DA) to murine developing limbs in culture prevented digit individualization as well as the typical interdigital cell death [6].
• Chemically de-acetylated 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate as a probe of respiratory burst activity in mononuclear phagocytes [7].
• The relative intensity of H2O2 concentrations within embryos was measured using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate by Quanti cell 500 fluorescence imaging and DNA fragmentation was observed with transmission electron microscopy and an in-situ apoptosis detection kit [8].
• 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was employed as a probe for intracellular ROS formation; lipid peroxidation was assessed by GC/MS analysis of F2-isoprostanes; and PS externalization was measured by annexin V labeling and the prothrombinase assay [9].
• The oxidant-sensitive probe 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used to show that the Cu-sensitivity of G2/M phase S. cerevisiae was correlated with greater levels of pre-existing reactive oxygen species in these cells [10].

Anatomical context of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• To detect intracellular oxidant formation during reoxygenation of anoxic endothelium, the oxidant-sensing fluorescent probes, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, dihydrorhodamine 123, or 5(and 6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate were added to human umbilical vein endothelial cells during reoxygenation [11].
• Intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species was examined directly in skeletal muscle myotubes using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) as an intracellular probe [12].
• Therefore, we used 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein, a fluorogenic probe of redox activity, to examine LPS-induced oxidative responses of a macrophage-like cell line from the rainbow trout, RTS11 [13].
• ROS formation in primary astrocytic cultures of neonatal rat cerebral cortex was monitored by 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H(2)DCF-DA) fluorescence [14].
• 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) is a fluorogenic probe commonly used to detect cellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), for example in the respiratory burst of granulocytes and mononuclear phagocytes [7].

Associations of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)- with other chemical compounds

• Dipyridamole decreased intracellular basal ROS generation from endothelial cells as measured by DCFDA (2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) oxidation [15].
• Cell death at the end of reoxygenation and reactive oxygen species formation were assessed with fluorescent probes propidium iodide and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate, respectively [16].
• None of the substances showed radical scavenging activities in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)-assay nor were they effective in protection against H(2)O(2)-induced intracellular 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (H(2)DCF) oxidation (fluorescent probe for oxidative stress) in H4IIE and C6 cells [17].
• Cellular ATP content, mitochondrial membrane potential, and intracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by luciferase-luciferin system, or by flow cytometry using rhodamine 123 and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) [18].
• Doxorubicin significantly enhanced the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells as measured by the 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate and dihydroethidium fluorescence [19].

Gene context of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• Using the ROS-sensitive probes dihydrorhodamine 123 (DHR) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), we detected a reduction in fluorescence in UVA-irradiated (100 kJ/m(2)) cells in the case of the former but not the latter probe after a 24-hr treatment with EGCG (e.g., 14%, [p < 0.05] after 10 microM EGCG) [20].
• The degree of oxidative stress in cells was estimated by flow cytometric analysis of reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI)-induced 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate fluorescence and Northern blot analysis of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) mRNA induction [21].
• The fluorochrome 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) (the nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF] has been covalently linked to bovine serum albumin (BSA), which can be used to form an immune complex with anti-BSA immunoglobulin [22].
• Active oxygen chemistry within the liposomal bilayer. Part IV: Locating 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) in the lipid bilayer [23].
• Compound 1 inhibits PMA-induced peroxide-catalyzed oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein dye (DCFH) by reactive oxygen species (ROS) within human promyelocyctic HL-60 cells [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Benzoic acid, 2-(2,7-dichloro-3,6-dihydroxy-9H-xanthen-9-yl)-

• Oxidant production in intact cells, assayed by fluorimetry using 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein as a fluorescent probe, did not differ significantly between these cells [25].
• We used cybrids containing truncated mtDNA lacking the 4977-bp fragment and measured ROS levels inside cybrids by fluorescence probe, 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCF), and confocal microscopy [26].

References