Disease relevance of Cyanobacteria

• A DVR homolog was not found in the genome of P. marinus but found in the Synechococcus sp WH8102 genome, which is consistent with the distribution of divinyl chlorophyll in marine cyanobacteria of the genera Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus [1].
• In vivo analyses of vte3 mutants and the corresponding homozygous Synechocystis sp PCC6803 sll0418::aphII mutant revealed important differences in enzyme redundancy, the regulation of tocopherol synthesis, and the integration of tocopherol and PQ biosynthesis in cyanobacteria and plants [2].
• As root symbionts of cycad trees, cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc produce beta-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a neurotoxic nonprotein amino acid [3].
• Sequences homologous to PPK2 are present in two other proteins in P. aeruginosa, in two Archaea, and in 32 other bacteria (almost all with PPK1 as well); these include rhizobia, cyanobacteria, Streptomyces, and several pathogenic species [4].
• The most common form of the CO2-fixing enzyme rubisco is a form I enzyme, heretofore found universally in oxygenic phototrophs (cyanobacteria and plastids) and widely in proteobacteria [5].

High impact information on Cyanobacteria

• After the evolution of oxygen-producing cyanobacteria at some time before 2.7 billion years ago, oxygen production on Earth is thought to have depended on the availability of nutrients in the oceans, such as phosphorus (in the form of orthophosphate) [6].
• Here we show that there are unicellular cyanobacteria in the open ocean that are expressing nitrogenase, and are abundant enough to potentially have a significant role in N dynamics [7].
• We show here that low transfer efficiencies between primary producers and consumers during cyanobacteria bloom conditions are related to low relative eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5omega3) content of the primary producer community [8].
• As in all chloroplast psbA genes, there is a seven amino-acid gap near the C terminus of the derived protein relative to the protein predicted by cyanobacterial genes, suggesting that P. hollandica is part of the lineage that led to chloroplasts after a divergence from cyanobacteria [9].
• Such an origin fits well in the case of the chloroplasts of rhodophytes that, like cyanobacteria, contain chlorophyll a and phycobilin pigments [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Cyanobacteria

• The salient features, in both higher plants and cyanobacteria, are a pair of di-mu-oxo bridged manganese binuclear clusters linked by a mono-mu-oxo bridge, one proximal calcium atom, and one halide [11].
• Assays with seven other species of blue-green algae showed that they had varying sensitivities ranging from 1 to 100 micrograms of p-toluidine [12].
• The gene for the leucine transfer RNA with a UAA anticodon [tRNALeu (UAA)] from five diverse cyanobacteria and several major groups of chloroplasts contains a single group I intron [13].
• The topics include a description of the electron transfer cofactors, the mode of binding of the cofactors to protein-bound ligands, and a description of intraprotein contacts that ultimately allow photosystem I to be assembled (in cyanobacteria) from 96 chlorophylls, 22 carotenoids, 2 phylloquinones, 3 [4Fe-4S] clusters, and 12 polypeptides [14].
• Heterocysts are microaerobic, N2-fixing cells that form in a patterned array within O2-producing filamentous cyanobacteria [15].

Biological context of Cyanobacteria

• The homology of the intron across chloroplasts and cyanobacteria implies that it was present in their common ancestor and that it has been maintained in their genomes for at least 1 billion years [13].
• Bacterial origin of a chloroplast intron: conserved self-splicing group I introns in cyanobacteria [16].
• The pathway and enzymes for tocopherol synthesis are homologous in cyanobacteria and plants except for 2-methyl-6-phytyl-1,4-benzoquinone/2-methyl-6-solanyl-1,4-benzoquinone methyltransferase (MPBQ/MSBQ MT), which catalyzes a key methylation step in both tocopherol and plastoquinone (PQ) synthesis [2].
• The deduced amino acid sequence of phytoene desaturase indicates that this enzyme in tomato contains 583 amino acids that are highly conserved with respect to the homologous enzymes in cyanobacteria and algae [17].
• In unicellular cyanobacteria, the key Krebs cycle intermediate, 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG), has been suggested as a nitrogen status signal, but in vivo evidence is still lacking [18].

Anatomical context of Cyanobacteria

• The ARC6 gene product is related closely to Ftn2, a prokaryotic cell division protein unique to cyanobacteria [19].
• As the phycobiliproteins form a group of closely related polypeptides in cyanobacteria and rhodophyta, the molecular events affecting the corresponding genes, such as the rpeB intron, may be a clue to elucidate some aspects of the molecular processes involved in the evolution of plastid genes [20].
• The enzyme furnishes a means for formation of correctly charged Gln-tRNAGln through the transamidation of misacylated Glu-tRNAGln, functionally replacing the lack of glutaminyl-tRNA synthetase activity in Gram-positive eubacteria, cyanobacteria, Archaea, and organelles [21].
• The samples included thylakoid membranes, salt-washed Triton X-100-prepared membrane fragments, and purified core complexes from spinach and cyanobacteria [22].
• Cyanobacteria contain several genes, annotated ndh, whose products show sequence similarities to subunits found in complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) of eubacteria and mitochondria [23].

Gene context of Cyanobacteria

• The metabolic context of GLYK activity in fungi and cyanobacteria remains to be investigated [24].
• Although bacteria contain only one essential FTSH gene, multiple genes exist in cyanobacteria and higher plants [25].
• The existence of the glnB gene in different strains of cyanobacteria is demonstrated and its implications are discussed [26].
• Although cyanobacteria and Chlamydomonas have 2-on-2 Hbs (GLBN), GLB3 is more likely related to GLBO-type 2-on-2 Hbs from bacteria [27].
• Transformation of DGD1 constructs into cyanobacteria resulted in the expression of active DGDG synthase and demonstrated that DGDG synthesis depends on MGDG lipid, but does not require direct interaction with the plant MGDG synthase [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Cyanobacteria

• delta 9 Acyl-lipid desaturases of cyanobacteria. Molecular cloning and substrate specificities in terms of fatty acids, sn-positions, and polar head groups [29].
• Cytoplasmic and thylakoid membranes have been purified from the cyanobacteria Anacystis nidulans R2 and Phormidium laminosum by sucrose density gradient centrifugation [30].
• Many filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria express a sugar-non-specific nuclease of about 29 kDa that can be detected in DNA-containing SDS-PAGE gels [31].
• The cyanobacteria toxins anatoxin-a, microcystin-LR, microcystin-RR, microcystin-YR, and nodularin were separated in less than 30 min on several 1 mm x 15 cm reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) columns, and their electrospray mass spectra were measured using injections of 50 ng or less with a benchtop time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer [32].
• So far, 37 single mutants, 16 double mutants, 5 triple mutants and 5 deletion/insertion mutants in the D1 protein have been obtained by randomly induced and site-directed mutagenesis in cyanobacteria and algae [33].

References