Disease relevance of Rare1

• Using murine P19 embryonal carcinoma cells, we examined the relationship between histone post-translational modifications and activation of the endogenous RARbeta2 promoter, which is under the control of a canonical retinoic acid response element and rapidly induced upon retinoid treatment [1].
• Negative regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I enhancer in adenovirus type 12-transformed cells via a retinoic acid response element [2].
• The activation of the retinoic acid response element is inhibited in an animal model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia [3].

High impact information on Rare1

• Unexpectedly, N-CoR and a specific deacetylase were also required for transcriptional activation of one class of retinoic acid response element [4].
• The enhancer that controls the retinoic acid response, and regulates expression predominantly in neuroectoderm, contains a retinoic acid response element (RARE) [5].
• Role of a conserved retinoic acid response element in rhombomere restriction of Hoxb-1 [6].
• The repressor contains a conserved retinoic acid response element, point mutations in which allow expression to spread into adjacent rhombomeres [6].
• Unexpectedly, the major retinoic acid response element is absolutely dependent on Pit-1 for retinoic acid receptor function [7].

Biological context of Rare1

• These sites are further shown to function as a retinoic acid response element in transiently transfected CV-1 cells, increasing transcription of a reporter gene by a factor of approximately 35-fold [8].
• The consensus sequence of a major Alu subfamily contains a functional retinoic acid response element [8].
• The retinoic acid response element (RARE) for the rat growth hormone gene is also a thyroid hormone response element (TRE), and the AP-1 binding site of the human osteocalcin promoter is also a vitamin D response element (VDRE) and a RARE [9].
• Expression of the murine Hoxa4 gene requires both autoregulation and a conserved retinoic acid response element [10].
• Identification of a novel retinoic acid response element in the promoter region of the retinol-binding protein gene [11].

Anatomical context of Rare1

• The generation of a targeted mutation in a Hoxb1 3' retinoic acid response element (RARE) shows that it is required for establishing early high levels of Hoxb1 expression in neural ectoderm [12].
• Additionally, COUP-TF I enhanced retinoic acid response element-dependent reporter gene expression in 3T3 fibroblasts, indicating that COUP-TF I can modulate transcriptional activation in these cells [13].
• In lungs of transplanted but otherwise uninjured mice, small numbers of CD45(-) donor-derived cells in alveolar septae stained positively for pro-surfactant protein C. Rare donor-derived cells located in the airway epithelium stained positively with cytokeratin [14].

Associations of Rare1 with chemical compounds

• The addition of 35 base pairs of 5'-flanking information, contributing other elements including a thyroid hormone/retinoic acid response element, results in much higher levels of transgene expression [15].
• Gel mobility shift analysis revealed that retinoid receptors in nuclear extracts from human skin formed a specific complex with a DNA probe containing the retinoic acid response element in the mouse CRBP gene [16].
• Nuclear extracts from 8-bromo-cyclic AMP-treated cells showed a large decrease in protein binding to a retinoic acid response element (RARE) oligonucleotide compared to control cells [17].
• Similar to the action of all-trans-RA, 9-cis-RA significantly induced the luciferase activity of the strong retinoic acid response element (RARE) reporter construct, 3X beta RARE-Luc, by about 60-fold, indicating that GT1-1 cells are also responsive to 9-cis-RA [18].
• Nuclear extracts from cyclic AMP-treated cells showed a large decrease in protein binding to a retinoic acid response element (RARE) oligonucleotide compared to control cells [19].

Physical interactions of Rare1

• The Pax6-binding site is adjacent to a previously identified retinoic acid response element and is itself required for retinoic acid induction of the F- and E-crystallin genes, suggesting that Pax proteins and retinoic acid receptors cooperate in transcriptional regulation [20].

Regulatory relationships of Rare1

• Furthermore, RAR beta 2 expression can be induced via a retinoic acid response element located in its promoter region [21].
• A novel type of retinoic acid response element in the second intron of the mouse H2Kb gene is activated by the RAR/RXR heterodimer [22].
• Either blocking activator protein-1 (AP-1) activity or activating retinoic acid response element (RARE) have been proposed to be responsible for its antitumor activity [23].

Other interactions of Rare1

• The role of a retinoic acid response element in establishing the anterior neural expression border of Hoxd4 transgenes [24].
• A retinoic acid response element is present in the mouse cellular retinol binding protein I (mCRBPI) promoter [25].
• In vivo functional analysis of the Hoxa-1 3' retinoic acid response element (3'RARE) [26].
• These processes correlate with expression of the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) beta gene, which is induced through a retinoic acid response element (beta RARE) [27].
• As a first step in determining sites of retinoic acid-mediated transcriptional activation in the skin and its appendages, we developed a transgenic model in which the retinoic acid response element (RARE) of the RAR beta 2 isoform is linked to a beta-galactosidase reporter gene [28].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Rare1

• A functional retinoic acid response element direct repeat of two novel motifs separated by a 5-bp spacer (5'-TGTCCCtcggtTCACCC-3') was identified at -64 bp upstream of the transcription start site using the methods of promoter truncation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and mutation analysis [29].
• Sequence analysis of the promoter region of the murine tyrosinase gene identified various consensus motifs including AP2 sites, cAMP and TPA response elements (CREs/TREs) and retinoic acid response element (RARE) half-sites [30].

References