Disease relevance of SHANK2

• The influence of genetic increases in shank width on body weight, walking ability, and reproduction of turkeys [1].
• The covariation between thigh, shank and foot elevation angles during locomotion was analysed by means of orthogonal planar regression in a patient with pure hereditary spastic paraparesis before and after an intrathecal bolus of baclofen and in seven healthy subjects [2].
• Knowledge about the effect of fatigue on the shock propagation between the shank and the sacrum levels may help in understanding the mechanism of stress fractures and joint damage [3].
• From October 1976 till May 1978 we treated 39 open shank fractures; 24 of them were 2nd and 3rd degree open fractures [4].
• Treatment of plantar fasciitis with a night splint and shoe modification consisting of a steel shank and anterior rocker bottom [5].

High impact information on SHANK2

• Two recent studies by Sheng and associates (Pak et al., 2001; Sala et al., 2001) provide an elegant molecular analysis of the role of a spine-specific protein, SPAR, and the synaptic proteins Shank and Homer, in regulating dendritic spine morphology, and the possible functional consequences of this regulation [6].
• We show here that Shank proteins are also crucial in receptor tyrosine kinase signaling [7].
• Anatomically distinct muscles arise by the progressive segregation of muscle: differentiated myotubes first appear as a pair of dorsal and ventral muscle masses; these masses subdivide into dorsal and ventral thigh, shank and foot muscle masses; and finally these six masses segregate into individual muscles [8].
• Furthermore, knock-down of native Shank2 expression in Caco-2 epithelial cells by RNA interference decreased NHE3 protein expression as well as activity but amplified the inhibitory effect of cAMP on NHE3 [9].
• Dynamin isoform-specific interaction with the shank/ProSAP scaffolding proteins of the postsynaptic density and actin cytoskeleton [10].

Biological context of SHANK2

• Motion of the shank in the transverse plane is coupled with pronation and supination of the rearfoot, and so its motion relative to the foot can be used as an indicator of the pattern of motion in the rearfoot [11].
• Characterization of the Shank family of synaptic proteins. Multiple genes, alternative splicing, and differential expression in brain and development [12].
• These results suggest that alternative splicing in the Shank family may be a mechanism that regulates the molecular structure of Shank and the spectrum of Shank-interacting proteins in the PSDs of adult and developing brain [12].
• 1. H reflexes were elicited in the small muscles of the foot in the canine and human during passive locomotor-like rotation of the shank about the ipsilateral knee [13].
• We found that the excursion of the prosthetic shank as measured by knee range of motion was altered by changing the amount of knee friction [14].

Anatomical context of SHANK2

• In situ hybridization revealed that ProSAP1 and CIRL1 are co-expressed in the cortex, hippocampus, and cerebellum [15].
• These interactions suggest that ProSAP/Shanks may be important scaffolding molecules of the PSD with a crucial role in the assembly of the PSD during synaptogenesis, in synaptic plasticity and in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology [16].
• PSD95-DLG-ZO1 domain-containing proteins of the ProSAP/Shank family are major scaffolding proteins of the neuronal postsynaptic density which play a pivotal role in the linkage of membrane receptors to downstream signal effectors and the actin-based cytoskeleton [17].
• Expression of postsynaptic density proteins of the ProSAP/Shank family in the thymus [17].
• Surprisingly, in both COS-7 cells and hippocampal neurons, GKAP forms insoluble aggregates with Shank that colocalize with heat shock protein 70 and neurofilaments, two markers of the aggresomes in which misfolded proteins accumulate [18].

Associations of SHANK2 with chemical compounds

• In the present experiments, the in vivo release of acetylcholine was measured by dermal microdialysis.Two microdialysis membranes were inserted intradermally at the medial shank of volunteers [19].
• The size, shape and spatial orientation of the loop defining patient's planar covariation (thigh angle vs. shank angle vs. foot angle) significantly differed from the controls' before baclofen, whereas these features resumed normal characteristics after baclofen injection [2].
• Uniquely, Jas (2 microM) blocks streaming in the shank of the tube, but induces the formation of a toroidal-shaped domain in the swollen apex, of which longitudinal optical sections exhibit circles of motion [20].
• Total N, amino acids and 15N in leaves, bark, xylem, shank and roots were analyzed to determine uptake and mobilization of N from urea [21].
• Concerning flexor and extensor muscles located at thigh and shank of the paretic leg there was found significantly the same relative deficit of the muscle volume [22].

Physical interactions of SHANK2

• Scaffolding proteins such as PSD-95 or shank/ProSAP proteins organise rather large signalling complexes [23].

Other interactions of SHANK2

• Co-immunoprecipitation of ProSAP1 and CIRL1 (but not CIRL2) from rat brain extracts indicates that this interaction also occurs in vivo in rat brain [24].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of SHANK2

• Discrete subplasmalemmal areas of pronounced ProSAP/Shank immunoreactivity could be demonstrated inside several thymocytes by confocal laser scanning microscopy [17].
• However, shank motoneurons did not innervate the thigh when motor nerve transection was combined with amputation of the hindlimb just above the presumptive knee.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)[25]
• A search for NHE3-binding modular proteins using yeast two-hybrid assays led us to the PDZ-based adaptor Shank2 [9].
• Stability of pH in the microdroplets required for different determinations and the effects of DMB shank geometry on titration characteristics are also studied [26].
• BACKGROUND: Monolimb is a transtibial prosthesis having the socket and shank molded into one piece of thermoplastic material [27].

References