Disease relevance of Euflex

• Flexor reflex control of the external sphincter of the urethra in paraplegia [1].
• Suppurative flexor tenosynovitis after accidental self-inoculation with Streptococcus pneumoniae type I [2].
• Eight elderly men and two elderly women presented with symmetrical polysynovitis of acute onset involving most of their appendicular joints and flexor digitorum tendons associated with pitting edema of the dorsum of both hands and both feet [3].
• Erb's C V, VI palsies have improved function with cuff transfers and elbow flexor plasties [4].
• To examine the ability of the skeletal muscle of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients to adapt to chronic exercise, five patients performed localized nondominant wrist flexor training for 28 d [5].

Psychiatry related information on Euflex

• When stepwise regression analysis included weight-corrected strength of the trunk flexor muscles (Corr Flex), weight-corrected aerobic fitness (Corr VO2max), physical activity score, and body weight, body weight was the only significant determinant of BMD at all sites [6].
• Since increased response latency was not the only behavioral effect of oxytocin, we conducted electrophysiological experiments to examine the effect of systemic oxytocin on the nociceptive flexor reflex in decerebrate, spinalized, unanesthetized rats [7].
• 2. The change in size of the long-latency stretch reflex in flexor pollicis longus or extensor pollicis longus after thumb anaesthesia cannot explain the effect on weight perception by removal or augmentation of the background servo assistance to muscular contraction [8].
• 4. A single stimulus (2-3 X sensory threshold) to the superficial (cutaneous) branch of the radial nerve at the wrist failed to produce inhibition of the flexor H reflex [9].
• It consists of nearly symmetric reductive defects of the limbs, flexon contractures of various joints, cleft lip and cleft palate, multiple minor abnormalities including capillary hemangioma of the forehead, hypoplastic cartilages of ears and nose, micrognathia, intrauterine growth retardation, and possibly mental retardation [10].

High impact information on Euflex

• This mechanism is optimized by unique musculoskeletal adaptations: the digital flexor muscles have extremely short fibres and significant passive properties, whereas the tendons are very long and span several joints [11].
• Thresholds and latencies for motor cortex stimulation to excite thumb flexor muscles and the resulting fast mechanical responses were the same in both ON and OFF conditions, even though the patients were unable to execute fast thumb flexion movements voluntarily when OFF [12].
• Current applied to the presynaptic lateral giant (LG) axon or to the neurite of the postsynaptic giant flexor motoneurone (MoG) spreads passively through the synapse into the adjacent neurone [13].
• Rather, the unique structure of the forelimb is probably the result of evolved changes in the short head of biceps brachii to enhance its role as a forearm flexor [14].
• In all limbs, a supernumerary preaxial digit is formed, but the flexor of the hindlimb toes is missing [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Euflex

• Baclofen regularly alleviated involuntary flexor or extensor spasms and increased resistance to passive movement of the legs but did not alter strength, gait, stretch reflexes, or clonus [16].
• HbA1c Values Determine the Outcome of Intrasheath Injection of Triamcinolone for Diabetic Flexor Tenosynovitis [17].
• Dantrolene is well established in the treatment of patients with muscle spasticity where it generally improves at least some of the components of spasticity (i.e. hyper/hypotonia, clonus, muscle cramps and spasms, resistance to stretch and flexor reflexes, articular movement, neurological and motor functions and urinary control) [18].
• In the chronic spinal cat preparation, ED70 values for reduction of flexor spasms of 2.2 and 4.0 mg/kg by iv and po routes of administration, respectively, were observed for kojic amine, which was the most potent of the various hydroxypyrone derivatives investigated [19].
• Before adding gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) or glycine receptor agonists and antagonists, rhythmic motor activity was induced by bath application of acetylcholine (ACh), N-methyl-D,L-aspartate (NMA), or serotonin (5-HT) while monitoring bilateral ankle flexor and extensor electroneurograms (ENGs) [20].

Biological context of Euflex

• By 24 hours after onset, 93 poor-outcome patients were identified by motor responses that were absent, extensor, or flexor and by spontaneous eye movements that were neither orienting nor roving conjugate; only one regained independent function [21].
• In this respect, it is our opinion that rhythms and neural components always interact, just like flexor and extensor tones or excitatory and inhibitory cardiovascular reflexes, and that it is misleading to separately consider vagal and sympathetic modulations of heart rate [22].
• M-35, which displaced 125I-labeled galanin from membranes of rat dorsal spinal cord with an IC50 of 0.3 nM, dose-dependently antagonized the effect of intrathecal galanin on the flexor reflex [23].
• Other abnormalities included long-latency responses in the extremities in 2 patients, release of H-reflexes from flexor hallucis brevis muscle in 2 patients, and an Hmax/Mmax ratio of 98% in 2 patients [24].
• Stretch reflex dynamics in spastic elbow flexor muscles [25].

Anatomical context of Euflex

• More than 30 years ago, Frank and Fuortes proposed that the synaptic effectiveness of muscle spindle afferents associated with spinal motoneurones could be diminished by the activation of nerves from flexor muscles [26].
• Dbx1 mutant mice lacking these ventral interneurons exhibit an increased incidence of cobursting between left and right flexor/extensor motor neurons during drug-induced locomotion [27].
• We demonstrate how commissural interneurons (CINs), whose axons traverse the midline to innervate contralateral neurons, are organized such that distinct flexor and extensor centers in the rostral lumbar spinal cord define activity in both flexor and extensor caudal motor pools [28].
• There was median-nerve neuropathy due to infiltration of the flexor retinaculum with amyloid in six patients [29].
• The structure of rigor crossbridges was examined by comparing rigor crossbridges in fast muscle fibers from glycerol-extracted abdominal flexor muscle of crayfish with those in "natively decorated" thin filaments from the same muscle [30].

Associations of Euflex with other chemical compounds

• A panel of antibodies to markers of the ER, the Golgi complex, and the centrosome were used to localize these organelles by immunofluorescence in myoblasts and myotubes of the mouse muscle cell line C2 in vitro, and in intact single muscle fibers from the rat flexor digitorum brevis [31].
• ATP, phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, and pH were quantitatively determined by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the wrist flexor muscles of elite long-distance runners and sedentary control subjects [32].
• Bioassay of extracts of the tonic flexor muscles indicated the presence of 370 fmol of proctolin/muscle or 670 fmol/mg dry weight [33].
• PCN-induced spinal hyperactivity was not associated with changes in either the presynaptic inhibition of extensor monosynaptic reflexes by conditioning volleys in flexor muscle nerves, or in evoked dorsal root potentials [34].
• To determine the source of adenosine, we measured interstitial adenosine with the use of a microdialysis probe inserted into the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle of the forearm, and we measured intravascular adenosine with the use of a microdialysis probe inserted retrogradely into the medial cubital vein [35].

Gene context of Euflex

• The decrease in binding results in the inability of galanin to inhibit the C fibers stimulation-induced facilitation of the rat flexor reflex, demonstrating that peptide-PNA constructs act in vivo to suppress expression of functional galanin receptors [36].
• M40 acts as a weak antagonist of galanin in the spinal flexor reflex model [37].
• Eya1 expression is largely restricted to flexor tendons, while Eya2 is expressed in the extensor tendons and ligaments of the phalangeal elements of the limb [38].
• Anti-sense IRAP probes bound to two of nine RA tissues, two of six OA tissues, one of one seronegative inflammatory arthropathy tissue, and none of one flexor tenosynovitis tissue [39].
• Furthermore, N/OFQ (1 nmol) administered i.pl. blocked SP (i.pl.)-induced flexor responses, which were abolished by pertussis toxin pretreatment or in NOR gene knockout (NOR(-/-)) mice [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Euflex

• To investigate this I have now developed an animal model where changes occur in the threshold and responsiveness of the flexor reflex following peripheral injury that are analogous to the sensory changes found in man [41].
• Furthermore, we show that the digital flexor muscles have minimal ability to contribute to or regulate significantly the 2.5-Hz cycle of movement, but are ideally arranged to damp these high-frequency oscillations in the limb [11].
• Elbow flexor muscle strength declined by -5.5% (95% CI = -9.6% to -1. 4%) per 4 weeks in the control group but remained stable (0.0%; 95% CI= -1.4% to +1.4%) in the ATP group (P =.01) [42].
• Our recent experiments, using patch clamp techniques, indicate that no tight electrical coupling is present between satellite cells and the muscle fiber dissociated from rat flexor digitorum brevis [43].
• Electromyography (EMG) signals arising from the wrist extensor and flexor muscles, and a high-resolution EEG were recorded simultaneously [44].

References