Disease relevance of da

• Linear sequence analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the 149-K Da protein, a putative component of the viral RNA-directed RNA polymerase, revealed extensive homology with the vaccinia virus 147K Da DNA-directed RNA polymerase subunit [1].

High impact information on da

• We propose a model in which the emc protein negatively regulates sensory organ determination by forming heterodimers with the HLH proteins encoded by the AS-C and/or daughterless, thereby altering or interfering with their activity [2].
• The formation of a heterodimer between the daughterless and achaete-scute T3 products may explain the similar phenotypes of mutants at these two loci and the genetic interactions between them [3].
• A new DNA binding and dimerization motif in immunoglobulin enhancer binding, daughterless, MyoD, and myc proteins [4].
• daughterless, a Drosophila gene essential for both neurogenesis and sex determination, has sequence similarities to myc and the achaete-scute complex [5].
• The Drosophila sex determination gene daughterless has different functions in the germ line versus the soma [6].

Biological context of da

• In the region upstream of the achaete gene of the AS-C, we have identified three 'E box' consensus sequences that are bound specifically in vitro by hetero-oligomeric complexes consisting of the da protein and an AS-C protein [7].
• We provide evidence that wingless mediates both effects, at least in part, through repression of the basic helix-loop-helix protein Daughterless. daughterless is required for high proneural gene expression and furrow progression [8].
• A survey of da RNA and protein distribution during oogenesis reveals a multiphasic expression pattern that includes both germline and soma [9].
• Whereas the germline expression reflects da's role in progeny sex determination, the somatic ovary expression of da correlates with the gene's role during egg chamber morphogenesis [9].
• Transcriptional activation by heterodimers of the achaete-scute and daughterless gene products of Drosophila [10].

Anatomical context of da

• Senseless and Daughterless confer neuronal identity to epithelial cells in the Drosophila wing margin [11].
• The daughterless gene functions together with Notch and Delta in the control of ovarian follicle development in Drosophila [9].
• In this study, we have identified sage, a salivary-specific bHLH protein as a new heterodimeric partner for da protein in the salivary glands [12].
• Regulation of Drosophila sex determination and X-chromosome dosage compensation in response to the X-chromosome/autosome (X/A) balance of the zygote is shown to require proper functioning of both the da+ gene in the mother and the Sxl+ gene in the zygote [13].
• In cultured cells, a heterodimer of the bHLH proteins Scute and Daughterless activates transcription from promoters containing E2 boxes [14].

Physical interactions of da

• Finally, we provide the first direct evidence that Sc forms heteromeric complexes in vivo in early embryos with the maternally derived helix-loop-helix protein Daughterless [15].
• We examined SISB-Da binding at Sxl by using footprinting and gel mobility shift assays and found that SISB-Da binds numerous clustered sites in the establishment promoter Sxl(Pe) [16].
• In achaete-scute complex and daughterless mutants the interstitial cell precursors do not develop and the number of adult midgut precursors is strongly reduced [17].
• The helix-loop-helix proteins dAP-4 and daughterless bind both in vitro and in vivo to SEBP3 sites required for transcriptional activation of the Drosophila gene Sgs-4 [18].

Regulatory relationships of da

• Ectopic expression of wingless blocks Daughterless expression in the proneural clusters [8].
• Amos interacts with the ubiquitously expressed Daughter-less protein in vivo and in vitro [19].
• These two effects depend upon da+ activity, suggesting that daughterless may positively control sry alpha transcription [20].

Other interactions of da

• These results are summarized in a model where daughterless is a major, but probably not the only, target of wingless action in the eye [8].
• Normal ato or da activity is required for maintenance of MAPK activation [21].
• Zygotically expressed sisB and maternal daughterless (da) proteins are known to form heterodimers that bind E-box sites and activate transcription [16].
• Moreover, in the ovary da- alleles exhibit dominant synergistic interactions with N or Dl mutations [9].
• We provide evidence that Senseless and Daughterless physically interact and synergize in vivo and in transcription assays [11].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of da

• We show that the noncanonical sites can mediate SISB-Da-activated transcription in cell culture [16].
• In RT-PCR assays Schneider cells express two mesodermal markers, nautilus and DMEF2 mRNAs, as well as very low levels of daughterless mRNA but no twist [22].
• To assay biological activities associated with the ZFE12 protein, two P-element constructs were made, each carrying a Drosophila daughterless gene that had been modified by replacing either the HLH domain or the entire C-terminus including the bHLH domain, by the equivalent domains of ZfE12 [23].
• Using different PCR techniques (3' and 5' RACE) with (degenerate) primers based on the identified amino acid sequence of the 2989 Da peptide, a metallothionein cDNA was isolated [24].
• After two steps of reversed-phase HPLC separation with brain extract, the structure of a 1381 Da peptide was sequenced to the GYRKPPFNGSIFamide (named crustacean-SIFamide) [25].

References