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Gene Review

PR  -  prolactin receptor

Ovis aries

 
 
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Disease relevance of PR

 

High impact information on PR

 

Biological context of PR

  • The same organization was found in bovine and caprine genomes, suggesting that this feature is general in ruminants and different from rodents, which use mutually exclusive exons to produce s-PR and l-PR [8].
  • Long and short forms of the ovine prolactin receptor: cDNA cloning and genomic analysis reveal that the two forms arise by different alternative splicing mechanisms in ruminants and in rodents [8].
  • Fetal plasma prolactin concentrations were significantly reduced (P < 0.05) in the PR group compared to control animals between 109 and 141 days gestation [9].
  • Hepatic prolactin receptor gene expression increases in the sheep fetus before birth and after cortisol infusion [6].
  • In this study, we have analyzed the developmental expression of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R) gene in the ewe mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation [10].
 

Anatomical context of PR

  • For cyclic and pregnant ewes, endometrium was collected on days 10, 12, 14, or 16 post-oestrus (4 ewes/day for each status) for the measurement of ER and PR mRNA and protein [11].
  • The treatment with P decreased ER and PR content in the uterus, but had no effect on the pituitary gland [12].
  • Estradiol treatments increased ERalpha mRNA and PR mRNA concentrations in an organ-dependent manner: transitory in the oviduct while maintained in the cervix [13].
  • In summary, this study shows that E2 treatments may exert an inductive effect in ERalpha mRNA and PR mRNA levels and a biphasic effect in ER and PR concentrations in oviduct and cervix of immature ewe [13].
  • Injection of the P receptor antagonist (ZK 137,316) inhibited effects of P and/or roIFN-tau to recruit eosinophils expressing MCP-1 and MCP-2 mRNAs [14].
 

Associations of PR with chemical compounds

  • Cycloheximide reduced the level of PR bioactivity produced by the pars tuberalis cells [15].
  • Melatonin inhibited the increased level of PR bioactivity stimulated by forskolin [15].
  • Treatment with GnRH increased more than 10-fold the content of ER and PR in the pituitary gland without altering steroid receptor concentrations in the uterus [12].
  • There was more PR mRNA in the uterine horn contralateral to the corpus luteum in Group C than in Group L ewes [16].
  • Effect of maternal dexamethasone treatment and ambient temperature on prolactin receptor abundance in Brown adipose and hepatic tissue in the foetus and new-born lamb [17].
 

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of PR

  • Placental, fetal liver and kidney weights were reduced in the PR compared to the control group (n = 10) [9].
  • In situ hybridization experiments revealed that prolactin receptor mRNA was specifically expressed in the glandular compartment and confirmed the dramatic increase of its expression that occurs at the end of pregnancy [18].
  • As shown by Northern blot analysis, the level of the prolactin receptor transcripts increased dramatically during late pregnancy [18].
  • We investigated the influence of maternal dexamethasone treatment and ambient temperature on prolactin receptor (PRLR) abundance in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and hepatic tissue from foetuses and 6-h-old lambs delivered by caesarean section [17].

References

  1. Prolactin receptor gene expression and foetal adipose tissue. Symonds, M.E., Phillips, I.D., Anthony, R.V., Owens, J.A., McMillen, I.C. J. Neuroendocrinol. (1998) [Pubmed]
  2. Overnourishing pregnant adolescent ewes preserves perirenal fat deposition in their growth-restricted fetuses. Matsuzaki, M., Milne, J.S., Aitken, R.P., Wallace, J.M. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. (2006) [Pubmed]
  3. The negative feedback actions of progesterone on gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion are transduced by the classical progesterone receptor. Skinner, D.C., Evans, N.P., Delaleu, B., Goodman, R.L., Bouchard, P., Caraty, A. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (1998) [Pubmed]
  4. Maternal nutritional programming of fetal adipose tissue development: differential effects on messenger ribonucleic acid abundance for uncoupling proteins and peroxisome proliferator-activated and prolactin receptors. Bispham, J., Gardner, D.S., Gnanalingham, M.G., Stephenson, T., Symonds, M.E., Budge, H. Endocrinology (2005) [Pubmed]
  5. The regulation of prolactin receptor messenger ribonucleic acid levels in the sheep liver before birth: relative roles of the fetal hypothalamus, cortisol, and the external photoperiod. Phillips, I.D., Anthony, R.V., Houghton, D.C., McMillen, I.C. Endocrinology (1999) [Pubmed]
  6. Hepatic prolactin receptor gene expression increases in the sheep fetus before birth and after cortisol infusion. Phillips, I.D., Anthony, R.V., Butler, T.G., Ross, J.T., McMillen, I.C. Endocrinology (1997) [Pubmed]
  7. Differential effects of fetal number and maternal nutrition in late gestation on prolactin receptor abundance and adipose tissue development in the neonatal lamb. Budge, H., Dandrea, J., Mostyn, A., Evens, Y., Watkins, R., Sullivan, C., Ingleton, P., Stephenson, T., Symonds, M.E. Pediatr. Res. (2003) [Pubmed]
  8. Long and short forms of the ovine prolactin receptor: cDNA cloning and genomic analysis reveal that the two forms arise by different alternative splicing mechanisms in ruminants and in rodents. Bignon, C., Binart, N., Ormandy, C., Schuler, L.A., Kelly, P.A., Djiane, J. J. Mol. Endocrinol. (1997) [Pubmed]
  9. Restriction of fetal growth has a differential impact on fetal prolactin and prolactin receptor mRNA expression. Phillips, I.D., Anthony, R.V., Simonetta, G., Owens, J.A., Robinson, J.S., McMillen, I.C. J. Neuroendocrinol. (2001) [Pubmed]
  10. Developmental expression and localization of the prolactin receptor (PRL-R) gene in ewe mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation: estimation of the ratio of the two forms of PRL-R messenger ribonucleic acid. Cassy, S., Charlier, M., Bélair, L., Guillomot, M., Charron, G., Bloch, B., Djiane, J. Biol. Reprod. (1998) [Pubmed]
  11. Changes in progesterone and oestrogen receptor mRNA and protein during maternal recognition of pregnancy and luteolysis in ewes. Ott, T.L., Zhou, Y., Mirando, M.A., Stevens, C., Harney, J.P., Ogle, T.F., Bazer, F.W. J. Mol. Endocrinol. (1993) [Pubmed]
  12. Estrogen and progesterone receptor content in the pituitary gland and uterus of progesterone-primed and gonadotropin releasing hormone-treated anestrous ewes. Tasende, C., Meikle, A., Rodríguez-Piñón, M., Forsberg, M., Garófalo, E.G. Theriogenology (2002) [Pubmed]
  13. Differential estradiol effects on estrogen and progesterone receptors expression in the oviduct and cervix of immature ewes. Rodríguez-Piñón, M., Meikle, A., Tasende, C., Sahlin, L., Garófalo, E.G. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. (2005) [Pubmed]
  14. Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and -2 messenger ribonucleic acids in the ovine uterus: regulation by pregnancy, progesterone, and interferon-tau. Asselin, E., Johnson, G.A., Spencer, T.E., Bazer, F.W. Biol. Reprod. (2001) [Pubmed]
  15. Evidence for the biosynthesis of a prolactin-releasing factor from the ovine pars tuberalis, which is distinct from thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Graham, E.S., Webster, C.A., Hazlerigg, D.G., Morgan, P.J. J. Neuroendocrinol. (2002) [Pubmed]
  16. Effect of undernutrition on uterine progesterone and oestrogen receptors and on endocrine profiles during the ovine oestrous cycle. Sosa, C., Abecia, J.A., Forcada, F., Viñoles, C., Tasende, C., Valares, J.A., Palacín, I., Martin, G.B., Meikle, A. Reprod. Fertil. Dev. (2006) [Pubmed]
  17. Effect of maternal dexamethasone treatment and ambient temperature on prolactin receptor abundance in Brown adipose and hepatic tissue in the foetus and new-born lamb. Bispham, J., Heasman, L., Clarke, L., Ingleton, P.M., Stephenson, T., Symonds, M.E. J. Neuroendocrinol. (1999) [Pubmed]
  18. Cellular localization and evolution of prolactin receptor mRNA in ovine endometrium during pregnancy. Cassy, S., Charlier, M., Guillomot, M., Pessemesse, L., Djiane, J. FEBS Lett. (1999) [Pubmed]
 
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