Disease relevance of NORLEUCINE

• This litany of events in which macrophages participate in HIV-infection in humans parallels similar observations in such animal lentivirus infections as visna-maedi or caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses [1].
• The above findings raise the possibility that HTLV-III-infected monocyte/macrophages may serve as a vehicle for the dissemination of virus to target organs and as a reservoir for viral persistence, as has been shown for other lentiviruses including visna virus and caprine arthritis encephalitis virus [2].
• Molecular hybridization, heteroduplex mapping, and DNA sequence analyses were used to compare HTLV-III to other lentiviruses of domestic animals, including visna, caprine arthritis encephalitis, and equine infectious anemia viruses [3].
• Common antigenic determinants appeared to be shared by FIV, caprine arthritis encephalitis virus, and visna virus as shown by serological cross-reactivity of rabbit antibodies to caprine arthritis encephalitis virus and visna virus with the putative FIV core protein p28 [4].
• Lentivirus-host interactions: lessons from visna and caprine arthritis-encephalitis viruses [5].

Psychiatry related information on NORLEUCINE

• Permissiveness of blood-derived caprine monocytes to infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus increased during in vitro cultivation and differentiation into macrophages, as evidenced by immunofluorescence and release of extracellular infectious virus [6].
• Caprine and bovine B rotaviruses in western France: group identification by Northern hybridization [7].

High impact information on NORLEUCINE

• Short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were designed and screened for their ability to suppress the expression of caprine and bovine prion protein (PrP) [8].
• We have solved the x-ray structures of HP35 and its fastest folding mutant [K24 norleucine (nL)] to atomic resolution and compared their experimentally measured folding kinetics by using laser temperature jump [9].
• We have tested the hypothesis that natural selection has favored diversification of these genes by examining patterns of nucleotide substitution in a sample of 28 closely related bovine, caprine, and ovine family members that are expressed only in trophoblast binucleate cells [10].
• Human hypothalamic GRF shows major homologies (93%, 89%, and 86%, respectively) when its primary structure is compared to that of the hypothalamic GRF from the porcine, bovine, caprine, and ovine species [11].
• Bovine buffy coat cells infected with the bovine leukemia virus (BLV) induce syncytia formation in human diploid embryonic lung cells as well as in monolayer cell cultures of bovine, simian, ovine, bat, and caprine origin, but not in mouse fibroblast cells, normall rat kidney cells, or RSV-transformed rat cells [12].

Chemical compound and disease context of NORLEUCINE

• Characterization of the caprine (Capra hircus) beta-2 integrin CD18-encoding cDNA and identification of mutations potentially responsible for the ruminant-specific virulence of Mannheimia haemolytica [13].
• beta-D-Mannosidase activity in selected normal adult, neonatal and foetal goat tissues and in tissues from animals affected with caprine beta-mannosidosis was examined with the use of 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-mannopyranoside as substrate [14].
• Mutations increasing exposure of a receptor binding site epitope in the soluble and oligomeric forms of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus envelope glycoprotein [15].
• Rapid detection of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia using a Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae capsular polysaccharide-specific antigen detection latex agglutination test [16].
• In human lymphoid (ATH8, Molt/4F) and caprine ovary (Tahr) cells AzddThd accumulates as its 5'-monophosphate (AzddTMP), whereas in murine leukemia (L1210) cells it is readily metabolized to the 5'-triphosphate (AzddTTP) [17].

Biological context of NORLEUCINE

• Cell-free preparations of BLV and density gradient-purified virus also induce syncytia when added directly to diploid embryonic lung cells and to bovine, bat, and caprine monolayer cell cultures [12].
• This study evaluated histopathology and mononuclear cell phenotypes in synovial lesions of chronic arthritis induced by experimental infection of Saanen goats with caprine arthritis-encephalitis lentivirus [18].
• A murine antiserum to Thy 1.2 and three caprine antisera to MuLV antigens that were active in complement-mediated cytotoxicity functioned poorly in inducing ADCC; however, rabbit antisera to similar antigens were 16- to 512-fold more efficient in cell-mediated than in complement lysis [19].
• Caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is distinct from visna and progressive pneumonia viruses as measured by genome sequence homology [20].
• Severity of arthritis is predicted by antibody response to gp135 in chronic infection with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus [21].

Anatomical context of NORLEUCINE

• Stem cell therapy in a caprine model of osteoarthritis [22].
• The connective tissue component of the caprine arthritis-encephalitis syndrome [23].
• OBJECTIVE: To explore the role that implanted mesenchymal stem cells may play in tissue repair or regeneration of the injured joint, by delivery of an autologous preparation of stem cells to caprine knee joints following induction of osteoarthritis (OA) [22].
• Trophoblasts in normal and Brucella abortus-infected caprine placentas were examined by ultrastructural morphometric analysis to establish structural relationships of B abortus with cytoplasmic organelles; brucellae were identified with colloidal gold-labeled anti-B abortus bovine IgG [24].
• LV-IFN was produced in culture supernatant 48 h after adding fresh goat lymphocytes to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goat macrophages [25].

Associations of NORLEUCINE with other chemical compounds

• In vitro autoradiographical localization of melatonin binding sites in the caprine brain [26].
• Cremophor EL and 3-MI dissolved in Cremophor EL caused severe in vitro haemolysis of caprine and bovine erythrocytes [27].
• Immunization with plasmid DNA expressing the caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus envelope gene: quantitative and qualitative aspects of antibody response to viral surface glycoprotein [28].
• At implantation in ruminants the signal for maintenance of progesterone production by the corpus luteum, essential for a successful pregnancy, is an interferon-like protein (bovine, ovine or caprine trophoblast protein-1; e.g. bTP-1) produced by the blastocyst trophoblast [29].
• Conjugation of a 2-aminocaproic acid derivative of atrazine with DCC to polyamide (Nylon 6) gave haptenated nylon which was soluble in aqueous cresol-ethanol mixtures and adsorbed efficiently on polystyrene microtitre plates [30].

Gene context of NORLEUCINE

• Genetic variation among lentiviruses: homology between visna virus and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus is confined to the 5' gag-pol region and a small portion of the env gene [31].
• STAT1 pathway is involved in activation of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus long terminal repeat in monocytes [32].
• Detailed RNA-transcription and protein-expression analysis of one PRNP+/- goat showed that one allele of the caprine PRNP gene had been disrupted functionally [33].
• Molecular cloning and localization of caprine relaxin-like factor (RLF) mRNA within the goat testis [34].
• Taken together, this novel expression pattern of NANOG in goat preimplantation embryos suggests that NANOG could serve as marker of pluripotency in goats and may be useful in derivation and characterization of caprine ESC [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of NORLEUCINE

• Histomorphometry of distraction osteogenesis in a caprine tibial lengthening model [36].
• These findings demonstrate that caprine MPS IIID is a suitable animal model for the investigation of therapeutic strategies for MPS III syndromes [37].
• Southern blot studies show that closely related sequences are present in sheep and goat normal genomic DNA, indicating that JSRV could be endogenous in ovine and caprine species [38].
• Serum from most caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus-infected goats contains antibody activity to the core protein p28, as demonstrated by immunodiffusion and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [39].
• RT-PCR revealed the presence of mRNA encoding for MCT1 in all regions of the caprine gastrointestinal tract [40].

References