Disease relevance of Malnutrition

• Thus, over- and undernutrition represent two conditions connoted by GH hypersensitivity and GH resistance, respectively [1].
• Increased TEE may contribute to undernutrition in CF, even in the absence of chronic lung disease [2].
• The low prevalence of clinical nutritional deficiency in patients with alcoholic cardiomyopathy and the apparent infrequency of heart failure in patients with cirrhosis or neuropathy supports the view that the cardiac abnormality is often not dependent on malnutrition [3].
• Growth failure occurs through a decrease in insulin-like growth factor 1 which is independent of undernutrition in a rat model of colitis [4].
• The muscular injury models in which reactive oxygen species are supposed to play a role are ischemia/reperfusion syndrome, exercise-induced myopathy, heart and skeletal muscle diseases related to the nutritional deficiency of selenium and vitamin E and related disorders, and genetic muscular dystrophies [5].

Psychiatry related information on Malnutrition

• Although exposure to ethanol during a period comparable to the first two trimesters of human development with minimal or no undernutrition did not affect numerical density of synapses in visual cortex or caudate-putamen, synaptogenesis of caudate-putamen was altered in offspring of pair-fed animals [6].
• However, a dose-dependent diminution in the ability of apomorphine to produce stereotyped behavior was noted in the malnourished group, suggesting that a class of brain dopamine receptors may be impaired or may have undergone homeostatic modification as a result of the undernutrition procedure [7].
• Effect of prenatal undernutrition and phenobarbitone administration on discrimination learning and passive avoidance behaviour in rats [8].
• Piracetam treatment improved the learning performance of normally reared rats and also attenuated the original and reversal learning deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition and postnatal impoverishment [9].
• Circulating homocyst(e)ine can be increased by genetic deficiency of enzymatic pathways involved in its catabolism as well as by environmental factors including nutritional deficiencies, life style factors, physiological conditions, drugs and some diseases, which mainly induce deficiency of folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 [10].

High impact information on Malnutrition

• The base-line characteristics of the children were similar and documented a high prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and undernutrition [11].
• Severe early undernutrition had no effect on the normal pattern of CCK development in rat brain [12].
• It is concluded that the metabolic effects observed using the Lieber-DeCarli feeding technique are due to ethanol per se and not the synergism of ethanol and undernutrition as recently suggested [13].
• Our study suggests that chronic undernutrition lowers circulating somatomedin-C, which is known to exert anabolic effects on peripheral tissues [14].
• Atrophy of acinar cells that may be secondary to nutritional deficiency and mild inflammation in the main pancreatic duct were present in the pancreas of mutant animals [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Malnutrition

• Additionally, nutritional deficiencies in B vitamin cofactors required for homocysteine metabolism, including folic acid, vitamin B6 (pyridoxal phosphate), and/or B12 (methylcobalamin), can induce HHcy [16].
• Both retinoid receptor null mutants and classic nutritional deficiency studies have demonstrated that retinoids are essential for the normal development of diverse embryonic structures (e.g. eye, heart, nervous system, urogenital tract) [17].
• However, insulin sensitivity was normal in mice of undernutrition pregnancies, with normal insulin tolerance, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, and isolated muscle and adipose glucose uptake [18].
• Chronic undernutrition accentuates insulin deficiency in rats with mild streptozocin-induced diabetes [19].
• As a result of the high frequency and severity of anemia and nutritional deficiencies noted, all gastric exclusion patients should, as a minimum, be placed on oral multivitamin preparations containing iron, folate and vitamin B12 [20].
• In cyclophosphamide-treated male mice, antenatal undernutrition also tended to reduce the development of diabetes (p = 0.058) [21].

Biological context of Malnutrition

• To identify early defects that are responsible for this phenotype, we analyzed mice of undernutrition pregnancies at age 2 months, before the onset of glucose intolerance [18].
• In contrast to Hoe 140 treatment, neonatal protein undernutrition resulted in a generalized reduction in kidney DNA, RNA, and protein contents; increased renal transforming growth factor-beta gene expression; and decreased renal kallikrein expression and enzymatic activity [22].
• Ghrelin is a nutritionally regulated gut peptide that increases with fasting and chronic undernutrition and decreases with food intake [23].
• Our data provide additional information about the mechanism of insulin resistance associated with in utero undernutrition and strengthen the role of glucose transport in the control of insulin sensitivity [24].
• The mechanism of this nutritional deficiency is uncertain but is thought to result from DPH-induced alteration in the intestinal absorption of conjugated and/or free dietary folate [25].

Anatomical context of Malnutrition

• CRP concentrations were notably high in 54% of the anemic women with no nutritional deficiencies and in 73.5% of the anemic women who were iron replete by bone marrow assessment [26].
• To evaluate the respective roles of nutritional deficiency, infection, and zinc in the alteration of thymic function, we measured the amounts of thymulin (facteur thymic serique, or FTS) and of Zn in the thymus glands of 58 Senegalese children who died in various stages of malnutrition [27].
• Differences in the frequency of listing on the death certificates for the following conditions reached statistical significance: infections, trauma, nutritional deficiency, chronic ulcer of skin, foreign body in pharynx, cataract, glaucoma, blindness, deafness, Parkinson's disease, and epilepsy [28].
• Fetuses from restricted mothers had higher peak GH concentrations after a GRF challenge (P < 0.001), but after correction The specific binding of [125I]ovine placental lactogen ([125I]oPL) or [125I]oGH to maternal or fetal hepatic microsomal membrane preparations was not changed by the maternal undernutrition [29].
• Refeeding meal-fed rats increases lipoprotein lipase activity and deposition of dietary [14C]lipid in white adipose tissue and decreases oxidation to 14CO2. The role of undernutrition [30].

Gene context of Malnutrition

• In contrast, placental Adipo-R2 mRNA is unchanged by undernutrition [31].
• In addition, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that, by systemically increasing the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1 and IL-6, HF causes undernutrition and anemia [32].
• At 8 days, no change was detected in the central IGF axis in response to undernutrition [33].
• The neonatal serum 30 kDa complex (IGFBP-1 and -2) also increased in undernutrition and diabetes parallel to the expression of mRNA [34].
• Thus, although the NPY system may not have a major role in the hyperphagia of freely fed lactating rats, it appears to have an important function in the response to undernutrition in such animals [35].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Malnutrition

• Se supplementation has recently moved from the realm of correcting nutritional deficiencies to one of pharmacological intervention, especially in the clinical domain of cancer chemoprevention [36].
• BACKGROUND: Small body size at birth has been reported to be associated with an atherogenic lipid profile in humans, and animal experiments have shown that undernutrition during pregnancy permanently alters cholesterol metabolism in the offspring [37].
• Twenty-one-day-old fetuses with undernutrition showed growth retardation and decreased pancreatic insulin content; adrenalectomy and subcutaneous corticosterone implants in their dams prevented the maternal corticosterone increase and restored fetal beta-cell mass [38].
• Experiments with a low-protein-diet model of rat pregnancy suggest a role for the renin-angiotensin system in the programming mechanism, since fetal undernutrition permanently elevates pulmonary and plasma angiotensin-converting enzyme activity [39].
• A case report of a patient with severe nutritional deficiency and no adequate access to the central venous system for total parenteral nutrition is presented [40].

References