Disease relevance of Communicable Disease Control

• LT alpha and TNF production by the former was required for granuloma assembly, while production of these cytokines by CD4(+) T cells was necessary to control parasite growth [1].
• Taken together, the results of this study add proof to the concept that has arisen for human filariasis that IL-10-dependent responses, which are associated with patency, are antagonistic to bona fide Th2 responses, which control parasite loads [2].
• The better parasite control provided by doramectin resulted in greater weight gains for cattle over the 56-day period as compared to moxidectin pour-on, ivermectin pour-on and oxfendazole in both trials [3].
• CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that iNOS activation and the proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines produced by cardiomyocytes are likely to control parasite growth and cell influx, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of chagasic cardiomyopathy seen in T cruzi-infected mice [4].
• A role for TNF during African trypanosomiasis: involvement in parasite control, immunosuppression and pathology [5].

High impact information on Communicable Disease Control

• Susceptible BALB/c mice aberrantly develop Th2 cells in response to infection and are unable to control parasite dissemination [6].
• Mice that produced low amounts of MSP1-15 stimulated IFN-gamma and could not control parasite infection [7].
• Finally, IL-12 is required to sustain Th1 cells and control parasite growth in susceptible and resistant strains of mice during primary and secondary infection [8].
• Although Stat1-/- mice produced normal serum levels of IL-12 and IFN-gamma, these mice were unable to control parasite replication and rapidly succumbed to this infection [9].
• Here we report that mice lacking the p75 receptor (TNFRp75-/-) or both receptors (TNFRp55p75-/-), also control parasite replication, albeit mice lacking the p55 receptor (either TNFRp55-/- or TNFRp55p75-/-) are delayed in their elimination of L. major compared with controls [10].

Biological context of Communicable Disease Control

• This comparison demonstrated that parasite control relied on lesion macrophage activation with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (iNOS), nitric oxide synthesis, and extensive nitration of parasites inside macrophage phagolysosomes at an early infection stage [11].
• Overall, the results reported here contribute to the identification of the metabolic pathways involved in the biotransformation of benzimidazole anthelmintics extensively used for parasite control in ruminants [12].
• The increased bioavailability of benzimidazole anthelmintics given by the intraruminal route could be exploited for optimizing the use of anthelmintic for sustained parasite control in small ruminants [13].
• Determination of the molecular structure and functional characteristics of this molecule is a crucial first step in understanding the novel function for AChE and in evaluating the potential of schistosome AChE as a target of new parasite control methods [14].

Anatomical context of Communicable Disease Control

• The inability of CD40L(-/-) mice to control parasite replication in the brain correlated with the ability of soluble CD40L, in combination with IFN-gamma, to activate macrophages in vitro to control replication of T. gondii [15].
• The differences in parasite control were associated with a decreased production of IFN-gamma and TNF by lymph node cells from L. amazonensis-infected mice [16].
• Severe malaria is associated with the failure of host defenses to control parasite replication, with the excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and with the sequestration of parasitized erythrocytes (PEs) in the microcirculation of vital organs [17].
• Finally, production of nitric oxide (a molecule implicated in parasite control) was abrogated in ts-4-infected scid mice following depletion of IFN-gamma producing NK cells [18].

Associations of Communicable Disease Control with chemical compounds

• However, the utility of closantel for parasite control has been threatened by the emergence of resistance [19].
• Equine parasite control using pyrantel embonate [20].
• Evaluation of gastro-intestinal nematode parasite control strategies for first-season grazing cattle in Sweden [21].
• Attempts to control a summer diarrhoea in grazing Finnish landrace lambs which had been unresponsive to anthelmintics and coccidiostats were made by supplementing them with cupric oxide particles and withdrawing a magnesium-rich mineral, while maintaining parasite control measures [22].
• Cambendazole (CBZ) treatments (20 mg/kg) given at 8-week intervals were used for parasite control in a breeding band of ponies (n = 33 to 43) during the period July 1974 to August 1978 [23].

Gene context of Communicable Disease Control

• These results suggest that, in male mice, a rapid response to infection with high levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma helps to control parasite multiplication, after which IL-10 production may be important in down regulating these potentially harmful inflammatory mediators [24].
• Nevertheless, in both the acute and chronic stages, IFN-gamma-dependent but iNOS-independent mechanism(s) play a major function in parasite control and their identification remains an important challenge for this field [25].
• CCL5 is part of the cascade of events leading to efficient parasite control in L. major infection [26].
• Our data indicate that endothelin ET(A) receptors contribute to the initial mechanisms of parasite control [27].
• The signal was present in the draining popliteal lymph nodes of both hosts, however, only susceptible mice known to be unable to control parasite dissemination showed induction of HDC in their distant periaortic lymph nodes as well [28].

References