Disease relevance of Hydrops Fetalis

• Parvovirus B19 is a common human pathogen which can cause severe syndromes, including aplastic anemia and fetal hydrops [1].
• Infection with human parvovirus B19 causes fifth disease, acute and chronic red cell aplasia, fetal hydrops, arthropathy, and other disorders [2].
• Parvovirus B19 in fetal hydrops [3].
• We describe a case of fetal supraventricular tachycardia associated with fetal hydrops that did not respond to digoxin treatment because of a lack of transplacental passage [4].
• Turner syndrome: sonography showing fetal hydrops simulating hydramnios [5].

High impact information on Hydrops Fetalis

• Salbutamol was maintained until delivery in one case with evidence of cardiac failure, with resolution of fetal hydrops [6].
• Nonimmunologic fetal hydrops wtih theca lutein cysts [7].
• Reversible fetal hydrops associated with indomethacin use [8].
• In the third case, fetal hydrops was detected at 24 weeks, when furosemide was used alone for direct fetal therapy [9].
• Severe fetal hydrops resulting from ABO incompatibility [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Hydrops Fetalis

• Formalin fixed tissue from 11 consecutive cases of fetal hydrops were examined by in situ hybridisation (ISH) [11].
• Fetal hydrops, associated with maternal propylthiouracil exposure, reversed by intrauterine therapy [12].
• CONCLUSION: Pyruvate kinase deficiency, as other erythrocyte enzymopathies, must be considered in the differential diagnosis of non-immune hydrops fetalis [13].
• Non-immune fetal hydrops was present in 21 cases with supraventricular tachycardia and in five cases with atrial flutter, a total of 26 cases.Transplacental treatment by maternally administered antiarrhythmic drugs (digoxin only or in combination with verapamil) produced good results in non-hydropic fetuses [14].
• Flecainide is an effective second-line therapy, especially in the face of fetal hydrops [15].

Biological context of Hydrops Fetalis

• Human parvovirus B19, discovered in 1974, is a single-stranded DNA virus which causes erythema infectiosum, arthralgia, aplastic crisis in patients with red cell defects, chronic anaemia in immunocompromised patients, and fetal hydrops [16].
• A 36-year-old patient with a history of previous back surgery, asthma, latex allergy and achondroplasia presented for urgent cesarean delivery at 31 weeks' gestation for worsening nonimmune fetal hydrops [17].

Anatomical context of Hydrops Fetalis

• Native parvovirus B19 was used as antigen to produce a mouse monoclonal antibody, R92F6, which reacted with B19 VP1 and VP2, neutralised the virus in bone marrow culture, and labelled infected cells in paraffin-embedded tissues from cases of B19-related fetal hydrops [18].
• CONCLUSION: The fetal heart appears to be a major source of excess VEGF in fetal hydrops [19].
• Molecular amplification of parvovirus B19 DNA in an amniotic fluid sample was used to confirm the etiologic agent of a case with fetal hydrops [20].

Gene context of Hydrops Fetalis

• Overexpression of VEGF during fetal life is associated with fetal hydrops and abnormal endocardial cushion development and therefore with congenital heart defects [21].
• We present a rare case of non-immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF) caused by a thrombus in the inferior vena cava in a neonate with low levels of anti-thrombin III [22].
• OBJECTIVE: Congenital cystic lung lesions associated with fetal hydrops and polyhydramnios are rare, and reported to have greater than 50% mortality, can this be reversed [23]?
• Their main prenatal ultrasound features were interrupted inferior vena cava (n = 21), complete atrioventricular septal defect (n = 15), viscerocardiac heterotaxy (n = 15), persistent bradyarrhythmia (n = 12) and fetal hydrops or nuchal edema (n = 12) [24].
• Dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis (DHS) was shown to belong to a pleiotropic syndrome: DHS + fetal edema + pseudohyperkalemia, which maps 16q23-24 [25].

References