Disease relevance of Immunocompromised Host

• Progressive disease due to ganciclovir-resistant cytomegalovirus in immunocompromised patients [1].
• Prolonged acyclovir treatment of highly immunocompromised patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and severe VZV may lead to the appearance of resistant virus [2].
• 11 of 24 immunocompromised patients with mucocutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections were given intravenous acyclovir in a randomised double-blind placebo-controlled study [3].
• A transfusional B19 parvovirus infection may have severe consequences in immunocompromised hosts [4].
• Cidofovir, which has been approved for the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, was also found to protect mice, again when given as a single dose, against a lethal aerosolized or intranasal cowpox virus challenge [5].

High impact information on Immunocompromised Host

• We conclude that acyclovir is better than vidarabine for the treatment of varicella-zoster infection in immunocompromised patients [6].
• During studies of immunocompromised patients, we observed rapid changes in the quantity of CMV DNA present in serial blood samples by quantitative-competitive polymerase chain reaction commensurate with a doubling time of <2 d [7].
• CONCLUSIONS: These data show for the first time that IL-10 is a potent antimetastatic agent that is effective in immunocompromised hosts [8].
• Ketoconazole versus nystatin plus amphotericin B for fungal prophylaxis in severely immunocompromised patients [9].
• Our results provide compelling evidence that IL-7 has a direct effect on increasing TCR-alphabeta rearrangement and indicate the potential use of IL-7 for enhancing de novo naïve T-cell generation in immunocompromised patients [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Immunocompromised Host

• We conclude that the use of an H-V flush solution in immunocompromised patients with TCVC can decrease the frequency of bacteremia attributed to luminal colonization with vancomycin-susceptible bacteria [11].
• It is concluded that yeast fungemia in severely immunocompromised patients is often caused by organisms resistant to the usual concentrations of amphotericin B obtainable in vivo, and that this finding is clinically significant [12].
• A total of 22 immunocompromised patients undergoing treatment for hematologic malignancies and presenting with VZV infection within 72 hours of the onset of rash were randomly assigned to receive intravenous acyclovir or vidarabine; 11 patients were randomly assigned to each treatment group [13].
• Oral amantadine and rimantadine are useful for prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A virus infections, but their efficacy, particularly in treatment of severe disease, has not been rigorously established in immunocompromised hosts [14].
• Glucantime-resistant visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompromised patients [15].

Biological context of Immunocompromised Host

• A murine model for B-cell lymphomagenesis in immunocompromised hosts: c-myc-rearranged B-cell lines with a premalignant phenotype [16].
• This study proposed that in immunocompromised hosts such as patients with chronic renal failure (whose capacity to form antibodies is diminished), antibody formation against the E2 region would be preserved, because the E2/NS1 region of HCV is strongly immunogenic [17].
• The effect of erythromycin base was studied on intestinal resistance to colonization of gnotobiotic mice inoculated with a human fecal flora and challenged with six microbial strains potentially pathogenic for immunocompromised patients [18].
• CD13-specific autoimmunity in cytomegalovirus-infected immunocompromised patients [19].
• In this study, the relationship between survival and 2 immune functions, cytomegalovirus-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and natural killer (NK) activity, was determined by using peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 39 severely immunocompromised patients (median CD4 count, 7) [20].

Anatomical context of Immunocompromised Host

• Toxoplasma gondii is a major pathogen of immunocompromised hosts, and one defense mechanism against the parasite is activation of macrophages (M phi) for toxoplasmacidal activity by IFN-gamma after triggering by TNF-alpha [21].
• The cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA load in leukocytes was measured in 26 immunocompromised patients with CMV disease before and after 10 days of intravenous ganciclovir therapy [22].
• Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand (Flt3L) expands dendritic-cell populations in vivo and protects against microbial infection in healthy and immunocompromised hosts [23].
• Data obtained both in vivo and ex vivo show that cefodizime enhances various immune parameters such as phagocyte function, B lymphocyte responsiveness and delayed hypersensitivity; it may restore natural killer (NK) and phagocyte activity, as well as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interferon production, in immunocompromised patients and animals [24].
• This combination of sensitivity and specificity should make detection of the B1 gene based on polymerase chain reaction amplification a very useful method for diagnosis of toxoplasmosis both in immunocompromised hosts and in congenitally infected fetuses [25].

Associations of Immunocompromised Host with chemical compounds

• The results also suggest that IL-7 may be useful for restoring lymphoid subsets in immunosuppressed hosts and in enhancing T cell-mediated immune responses [26].
• This new phenothiazine derivative (APR) might be used for boosting the immune response of vaccinated individuals and for restoring the immunity of immunocompromised patients [27].
• Acyclovir is more effective than vidarabine in the treatment of VZV infection in severely immunocompromised patients and should be considered the treatment of choice in such cases [13].
• Clavulanic acid in combination with ticarcillin was effective and safe in treating fever in the immunocompromised host [28].
• We prospectively compared the efficacy and safety of netilmicin sulfate or tobramycin sulfate in conjunction with piperacillin sodium in 118 immunocompromised patients with presumed severe infections [29].

Gene context of Immunocompromised Host

• Thus, our results suggest that the level of IFN-gamma deficiency is a major determinant of the site of reactivation of T. cruzi infection in immunocompromised host [30].
• CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of the inflammatory response, particularly the determination of IL-6 levels in the BAL fluid and CRP in the serum, may be useful for deciding the appropriate management of pulmonary complications in immunocompromised patients [31].
• Thus, investigation of expression and function of CD84 and CD27 is likely to contribute to a greater understanding of the development and biology of memory B cells in normal and immunocompromised hosts [32].
• The lymphokine profile of immunocompromised patients with recurrent HCV infection or rejection does not differ principally from that of patients with HCV-induced hepatitis and cirrhosis, but seems to show a TH1 profile significantly more often [33].
• IL-17A could have potential as a therapeutic cytokine for systemic C. albicans infections in immunocompromised patients with cancer or advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [34].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Immunocompromised Host

• Ganciclovir treatment of cytomegalovirus disease in transplant recipients and other immunocompromised hosts [35].
• These data suggest that acyclovir given by continuous intravenous infusion may be useful in the treatment of herpes virus infections in immunocompromised patients [36].
• These data indicate that the benzimidazole nucleosides were efficacious in these animal models and suggest that this class of compounds should be active against the various HCMV infections that occur in the immunocompromised host [37].
• Cidofovir, which is on the market for the treatment of human cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunocompromised patients, is potentially a good candidate for the treatment of a poxvirus outbreak, in the absence of any vaccination [38].
• The antiviral compound 9-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propoxymethyl)guanine (DHPG, Ganciclovir) is used clinically to treat cytomegaloviral infections in immunocompromised hosts and more recently is being investigated as a chemotherapeutic agent to be used in combination with retroviral gene therapy [39].

References